Biomet OrthoPak Non-invasive Bone Growth And Spine Fusion Stimulator System

What I will be posting in this and the next post are devices I have found being sold from different companies which have devices which can accelerate the healing rate of bone fractures. The devices are something that can be attached to the skin of the area of the body the person is trying to stimulate bone growth in.

Analysis & Interpretation

This device seems to be able to use the PEMF (pulsed electromagnetic field) concept to heal bones. This is similar to the idea of using the LIPUS theory for bone fracture healing.

With the Bone Growth Stimulator System (OrthoPak), the device is used to help accelerate the rate of bone non-unions heal. You have two round electrodes you attach to the skin about 2-3 inches apart from each other and then turn on the device to cause a current to go under the skin connecting the electrodes into a closed circuit (I am guessing). The electrodes are supposed to be disposable and easy to adhere to the skin (with some type of weak glue I am guessing). The electrical signal is supposed to be of high frequency.

With the Spine Fusion Stimulator System (SpinePak) the device is exactly the same but the application of it is different. The main difference seems to be wear you are supposed to attach the electrodes around the lower back region, and maybe also the magnitude of the current the wires are supposed to induce.

Implications For Height Increase

This device which requires a doctor prescription to get is one of the easy to use, lightweight devices which can possible cause a little bit of height increase if the theory makes any sense. Somehow there have been a few sporadi studies and articles published even from 80 years ago which suggest that inducing a low magnitude electrical signal. An old post about the possibility of using the PEMF theory as a way to increase height was written “Increase Height And Grow Taller Using Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy, PEMF“. To iterate the message I had written in that post and add some more content to that old message, maybe the application of a slightly stronger electrical field at a more dynamic but consisten usage to the interverterbal disk area can cause the annulus to increase in width and lead to some temporary increase height of a few millimeters.

From the company Biomet website HERE…

For the Biomet Orthopak Non-Invasive Bone Growth Stimulator System FAQ Broshure

The Biomet® OrthoPak®System promotes normal healing by inducing weak pulsing electrical signals at the nonunion fracture site. These signals are generated by a low energy electromagnetic field created by passing specific electrical current pulses through a flexible therapeutic treatment coil. A specific electrical current is delivered to the coil by the control unit. The coil then delivers the therapeutic electromagnetic signal to the nonunion fracture site.

Easy To Use and Operate

The Biomet® OrthoPak® System is portable, easy to use and operate; thus allowing you to treat your fracture nonunion while going about your daily routine. You can use the system with a cast or with a brace. The Biomet® OrthoPak® System capacitive coupling technology is the only non-invasive technology that promotes normal healing at the nonunion site 24 hours per day as recommended. The Biomet® OrthoPak® System can only be obtained with a doctor’s prescription. Upon receiving your Biomet® OrthoPak® System you will receive a Patient’s Guide containing complete instructions. Your compliance with these instructions will contribute to the successful outcome of your treatment.

System Advantages

  • The Biomet® OrthoPak® System is especially appropriate for treating proximal femur (center of the thigh bone), metatarsal/tarsal (arch of the foot or ankle) and clavicle (collarbone) fractures
  • The Biomet® OrthoPak® System is the smallest and lightest, low-profile non-invasive bone growth stimulator on the market today
  • The Biomet® OrthoPak® System electrode placement is easy and universal to all application areas – one versatile system can treat various fracture nonunions
  • The Biomet® OrthoPak® System is supplied with a unique ergonomic, rotating holster designed for active lifestyles
  • Patient usage and therapeutic treatment time may be downloaded to a PC for viewing, storage or printout via use of the Biomet compliance Data Download Software and USB Cable
  • Two different types of disposable electrodes

The Bone Healing Process

Bone is one of the tissues within the human body capable of healing itself when damaged, in much the same way as skin and other tissues. When you fracture a bone, the body naturally produces low level electric impulses that help to heal the fracture site. Occasionally, the fracture may not heal on its own. This will result in what is called a nonunion. The Biomet® OrthoPak® Non-invasive Bone Growth Stimulator System is a proven, safe, and effective method for promoting the healing of fractures that have progressed to a nonunion.

How does the Biomet® OrthoPak® Non-invasive Bone Growth Stimulator System Work?

The Biomet® OrthoPak® Non-invasive Bone Growth Stimulator System delivers an electrical treatment signal that is intended to help your fracture nonunion heal. Two lightweight electrodes, which look like round bandages are dermally applied and placed 2-3 inches apart and over from the fracture nonunion site. The electrodes are easy to apply and are extremely lightweight. The Biomet® OrthoPak® Non-invasive Bone Growth Stimulator System is battery operated with a rechargeable battery. Upon insertion of a charged battery, the Biomet® OrthoPak® Non-invasive Bone Growth Stimulator System is automatically activated and ready to deliver therapeutic treatment. The Biomet® OrthoPak® Non-invasive Bone Growth Stimulator System is portable and easy to operate. You will be able to treat your fracture nonunion while going about your daily routine, relaxing or while sleeping.

Biomet® SpinalPak® Non-invasive Spine Fusion Stimulator System

Click for the Biomet SpinalPak Non-invasive Spine Fusion Stimulator System FAQ Broshure 

By prescribing the Biomet® SpinalPak® Non-invasive Spine Fusion Stimulator System, your doctor has taken advantage of an adjunctive non invasive treatment to aid in the healing of your primary lumbar spine fusion surgery. The Biomet® SpinalPak®System delivers a low intensity electrical signal that promotes normal healing at the fusion site. The therapeutic signal operates at a high frequency; therefore, you should not feel anything during your treatment. Two small, lightweight disposable electrodes (conductors of the electrical signal) are placed on your lower back, inches apart from one another, at the level of your surgery. These electrodes are easy to apply and adhere to the skin.

Easy To Use and Operate

The Biomet® SpinalPak® System is portable, easy to use and operate; thus, allowing to help you heal while going about your daily routine. The system’s lightweight, low-profile, disposable electrodes allow treatment to occur in conjunction with wearing a back brace or just stand alone. The Biomet® SpinalPak® System’s capacitive coupling technology is the only non-invasive technology that promotes normal healing at the fusion site 24 hours per day as recommended. The Biomet® SpinalPak® System can only be obtained with a doctor’s prescription. Upon receiving your Biomet® SpinalPak® System you will receive a Patient’s Guide containing complete instructions. Your compliance with these instructions will contribute to the successful outcome of your treatment.

System Advantages

  • The Biomet® SpinalPak® System is the smallest and lightest, low-profile non-invasive spine fusion stimulator on the market today
  • The Biomet® SpinalPak® System is supplied with a unique ergonomic, rotating holster designed for active lifestyles
  • Patient usage and therapeutic treatment time may be downloaded to a PC for viewing, storage or printout via use of the Biomet Compliance Data Download Software and USB Cable
  • Two different types of disposable electrodes

How does the Biomet® SpinalPak® Non-invasive Spine Fusion Stimulator  System work?

Spinal fusion joins one or more lumbar vertebrae to  eliminate motion, increase stability and to try to reduce  pain. Following spinal fusion surgery, in the lower (lumbar) spine, the Biomet® SpinalPak® Non-invasive Spine Fusion Stimulator System may be prescribed to  assist in healing the fusion by sending electrical impulses directly to the spine that mimics your body’s natural  healing process. Two lightweight dermally applied electrodes similar in size to a quarter are placed on your back adjacent to the surgical site. The electrodes are easy to apply and are extremely lightweight. The Biomet® SpinalPak® Non-invasive Spine Fusion Stimulator System is battery operated with a rechargeable battery pack. Upon connection of the charged battery pack, the Biomet® SpinalPak® Non-invasive Spine Fusion Stimulator System is automatically activated and ready to deliver therapeutic treatment.

How long will I have to wear the device? 

The Biomet® SpinalPak® Non-invasive Spine Fusion Stimulator System is designed to deliver 270 days of  continuous therapeutic treatment. The indicated wear time  is 24 hours per day. Certain factors such as smoking, instrumentation and multiple level fusions may factor into the duration of your treatment. Biomet recommends that your doctor closely monitor your healing progress to determine how long you should treat with the device. It is important that you use the device as prescribed.

Comparing The Potential Of Lordoplasty, Kyphoplasty, Or Vertebroplasty To Restore Lost Height

A while back I had looked at the types of surgery that are done on the spinal vertebrate which have been shown to lead to some height increase. The three types of surgical procedures I had looked at are…

  1. Lordoplasty
  2. Kyphoplasty
  3. Vertebroplasty

The posts are…

From a quick look at the abstract of the articles below I will try to summarize the different surgical processes on their effectiveness in producing some type of heihgt increase.

Summary & Analysis:

Overall there was just more information on vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty than lordoplasty. It seems that lordoplasty is derived from a special type of vertebroplasty known as percutaneous vertebroplasty. Overall it seems that all the 3 different vertebral surgical types are supposed to reduce vertebral and spinal compression which would crush vertebrate and might pinch down on nerves causing acute and chronic pain. The percutaneous vertebroplasty can be simple, relatively inexpensive, safe, and effective. However the vertebroplasty doesn’t seem to resolve the issue of spinal deformity from kyphosis. It seems that PVP can’t solve the height loss and spinal deformity issue. This requires kyphoplasty. Kyphoplasty involves getting a wedge placed into one of the vertebrate to stop vertical height loss and vertebral compression.
From article #5, the researchers conclude that “Lordoplasty is more useful than kyphoplasty in terms of the improved anatomic restoration and postoperative maintenance.” While the wedges would eventually still lead to vertebral compression, the anterior vertebral height of the lordoplasty showed less decreased height/height loss.
While from article #1, it suggest that the kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty results in the same amount of overall height restoration in the vertebrate after surgery but notes that in kyphoplasty, there is less leakage of the cement to other softer tissues than the vertebroplasty. Article #2, we find that the vertebral height restoration is about 5. 1 mm for the kyphoplasty while it is only 2.3 mm for the vertebroplasty. The effectiveness to achieve some height restoration was also higher using kyphoplasty. Article #3 only shows that percutaneous vertebroplasty does add the wedge angle to cause some height restoration. Article #4 states the same thing, that vertebroplasty results in vertebral height increase. The results are ,”The average increase in vertebral body height was 2.5 mm anteriorly, 2.7 mm centrally, and 1.4 mm posteriorly”. article #5 does not do much real comparison on the vertebral height restoration of kyphoplasty and lordoplasty. However we find that article #7 does show that kyphoplasty is slightly better than vertebroplasty. The thing to conclude at this point is that from the few articles I’ve seen so far kyphoplasty may be more effective in restoring height that vertebroplasty. As for lordoplasty, it seems to be also better than lordoplasty. The injection of cement into the vertebrate does lead to a height increase, but that increase will eventually be reduced due to normal compression of the vertebrate over time.

The Library

Update #1: I’ve decided to turn this section into a library of scientific articles that are EXTREMELY relevant to our purpose. Almost all the articles have a link to the complete PDF file for the entire published paper. This is going to house some of the biggest collection of papers, books, articles, and magazine that we need.

Update #2: This post was originally entitled “10 Scientific Papers On The Human Growth Process And Mechanics The Reader Should Definitely Read“. As you can see, I’ve had to expand on this list by A LOT to house for any serious height increase researcher the tools they need or are looking for.

A Complete Collection Of All The “Height Increase” And “Grow Taller” Books

This will be another one of those posts which will eventually turn into a section/webpage of the website which will be occasionally edited and added upon. I was not aware of just how big and many books of this type there are. When I was first doing my research, I had no idea that there was this many books all devoted to this topic. The Primary source where I found this list of books was from the “Grow Taller Step” website store section (HERE).

If you want to try out your luck and buy one of the books from the links, then that is your choice. I am not promoting these books on Amazon, only to say that they do exist. The good news for you the website visitor is that a nice number of the books below are already uploaded to the “Downloads” section of this website for you to take for free.

[Note: These books are NOT in alphabetical order, yet]

  1. How to Get Taller – Grow Taller By 4 Inches In 8 Weeks, Even After Puberty! – David Taylor – (Amazon Link)
  2. How to Get Taller – The Complete Exercise Guide (Grow Taller) – David Taylor – (Amazon Link)
  3. How To Grow Taller: Guaranteed Increase Your Height Within 8 Weeks – Peter Douglas (Amazon Link)
  4. Growing Taller Secrets: Journey Into The World Of Human Growth And Development, or How To Grow Taller Naturally And Safely. Second Edition – Robert Grand (No Amazon Link)
  5. How to Naturally Increase your Height (Grow Taller Guide) – Russian Sports Authority (Amazon Link)
  6. How to Grow Taller — The Amazing Secrets to Quickly and Easily Grow Taller! — Get the Respect of Being Stronger, Confident, Taller and More Attractive Today! – Mike Summers (Amazon Link)
  7. Grow Taller book – Hayden Carter (Amazon Link)
  8. How Can I Grow Taller: Learn How To Increase Height And How To Grow Taller Naturally And Artificially. Height Increase Tips, How To Get Taller With Yoko And More. So Is There A Way To Get Taller? Yes! – Jared D. Carlson (Amazon Link)
  9. Increasing Height Through Exercise – Steven C. Cummings (Amazon Link)
  10. Increase Your Height – Krishna Gopal Vikal (No Amazon Link)
  11. Grow Taller – Statton, Burk, Cunningham Serrano
  12. How to Grow Taller “Master Secrets to Growing at Least 4 Inches in 2 Months! – Monica Heart (Amazon Link)
  13. This Tall Grow Taller and Taller – The Answer to the Fear of Height [In Japanese Language] – Aiyoshi Kawahata (Amazon Link)
  14. How To Grow Taller: A Comprehensive Guide And Revolutionary Exercise Program To Make You Grow – Kanwaljit Singh Kalsi (Amazon Link)
  15. Grow Taller Proven Insider Secret Tips and Techniques That Will Help You Grow (Body Image Solutions) – Dr. Jesus Serrano (Amazon Link)
  16. The Most Effective Way to Grow Taller (Chinese Edition) – Yang Shu Wen (No Amazon Link)
  17. Small Children, Children Grow Taller Quiz – SHI DING PING BIAN ZHU (Amazon Link)
  18. Children Naturally Grow Taller (Chinese Edition) – PU XIU SHENG CAO FANG (Amazon Link)
  19. How Quickly Children Grow Taller 10 cm (Chinese Edition) – GONG SUI (Amazon Link)
  20. You Will Grow Taller at 23 (Chinese Edition) – Jin Yang Xiu (Amazon Link)
  21. Natural Human Growing Taller Method (Modul) – Jorge Garcia (Amazon Link)
  22. Gaining Height Through Exercise : 100 Straightening and Stretching Exercises to Make You Grow – Pierre Berthelet (Amazon Link)
  23. How to Grow Taller Naturally with the Power of Your Mind – Joan M Rivera (No Amazon Link)
  24. Grow Taller Now – Unknown (No Amazon link, source link)
  25. How To Grow Taller, A Comprehensive Guide And Revolutionary Exercise Program To Make You Grow – Kanwaljit Singh Kalsi (source link)
  26. Maximize Your Height: Four Keys to Growing as Tall as Your Genetics Will Allow – Ben Kim (source link)
  27. Height Enhancement Bible

Medical, Clinical, Experimental, Professional, Textbook, Technical Books

  1. “A History of the Study of Human Growth” [Paperback] – Author: James Mourilyan Tanner (Amazon Link)
  2. “Absolute Ultimate Guide for Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (Study Guide & Solutions Manual), 5th Ed.” (Softcover) – Author: David L. Nelson, Michael M. Cox (Amazon Link)
  3. “Atlas of Human Anatomy (Netter Basic Science)” – Author: Frank H. Netter (Amazon Link)
  4. “Cancer Stem Cells Theories And Practice” – Author: Edited by Stanley Shostak, InTech, 429 pp; 19 MByte , ISBN 978-953-307-225-8 (source link) (Note: Free Full Text is the source link)
  5. “Embryonic Stem Cells – Recent Advances in Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Regenerative Medicine” – Author: Edited by Craig Atwood, ISBN 978-953-307-198-5, Hard cover, 410 pages, Publisher: InTech, Published: April 26, 2011 under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license (source link) (Note: Free Full Text is available for download at 23 MB through source link)
  6. “Endocrinology, 2-Volume Set: Adult and Pediatric, Expert Consult Premium Edition – Enhanced Online Features and Print, 6e (Endocrinology (deGroot))” [Hardcover] – Author: J. Larry Jameson MD PhD, Leslie J. De Groot MD (Amazon Link)
  7. “Endocrinology, An Integrated Approach” – Author: Stephen Nussey, Saffron Whitehead , 2001 – :Taylor & Francis, 358 pp, ISBN 9781859962527 (source link)
  8. “General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry, 2nd edition” [Print Replica] [Kindle Edition] – Author: Janice Smith (Amazon Link)
  9. “Genetics: Analysis and Principles, 3rd Ed.” [Hardcover] – Author: Robert Brooker (Amazon Link)
  10. “Genetics: From Genes to Genomes (Hartwell, Genetics), 4th Ed. 2010″ [Hardcover] – Author: Leland Hartwell, Leroy Hood, Michael Goldberg, Ann Reynolds, Lee Silver (Amazon Link)
  11. “Gray’s Anatomy for Students” [Kindle Edition] – Author: Richard Drake, A. Wayne Vogl, Adam W. M. Mitchell (Amazon Link)
  12. “Greenspan’s Basic and Clinical Endocrinology, Ninth Edition (LANGE Clinical Medicine)” [Paperback] – Author: David Gardner, Dolores Shoback (Amazon Link)
  13. “Growth, Maturation and Body Composition: The Fels Longitudinal Study 1929-1991” [Hardcover] – Author: Alex F. Roche (Amazon Link)
  14. “Hand Bone Age, A Digital Atlas For Skeletal Maturity” – Author: Vicente Gilsanz, Osman Ritab (source link)
  15. “Human Body Size and the Laws of Scaling” – Author: editor is Thomas T. Samaras (source link)
  16. “Lehninger Principles Of Biochemistry & eBook, 5th Ed.” (Hardcover), Author – Albert Lehninger, David L. Nelson, Michael M. Cox  (Amazon Link)
  17. “Limb Lengthening And Reconstruction Surgery” – Author: S. Robert Rozbruch, M.D., Svetlana Ilizarov, M.D (Amazon Link)
  18. “Molecular Biology of the Cell , 5th Ed. [Hardcover]” – Author: Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter (Amazon Link)
  19. “Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia” [Paperback] – Author: Edited by Iustinus Tim Avery (Amazon Link)
  20. “Netter’s Concise Orthopaedic Anatomy, 2e (Netter Basic Science)” [Paperback] – Author: Jon C. Thompson MD (Amazon Link)
  21. “Organic Chemistry” [Print Replica] [Kindle Edition] – Author: Francis A Carey (Amazon Link)
  22. “Orthopedics of the Upper and Lower Limb” [Kindle Edition] – Author: (Amazon Link)
  23. “Pediatric Bone: Biology & Diseases” – Author: Francis H. Glorieux, John M. Pettifor, Harald Jüppner (source link)
  24. “Perspectives in Human Growth, Development and Maturation” [Paperback] – Author: Parasmani Dasgupta (Editor), Roland Hauspie (Editor) (Amazon Link)
  25. “Saltation and Stasis in Human Growth and Development: Evidence, Methods and Theory (Auxology)” [Paperback] – Author: Michelle Lampl (Editor) (Amazon Link)
  26. “School Of Height” – Author: A. S. Palko , Translated by Dr. Michael Yessis – $25 – Flexcart.com
  27. “The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Growth and Development” [Hardcover] – Author: Stanley J. Ulijaszek (Editor), Francis E. Johnston (Editor), Michael A. Preece (Editor), James Tanner (Foreword) (Amazon Link)
  28. “The Growth Plate (Biomedical and Health Research, 54)” – Editors: Irving M. Shapiro, Barbara Boyan, H. Clarke Anderson – $120 – Amazon Link
  29. “The Truth About Your Height – Exploring the Myths and Realities of Human Size and its effects on Health, Performance, Pollution and Survival” – Author: Thomas T. Samaras (source link)
  30. “Williams Textbook of Endocrinology: Expert Consult-Online and Print, 12e” [Hardcover] – Author: Shlomo Melmed, Kenneth S. Polonsky MD, P. Reed MD Larsen, Henry M. Kronenberg MD (Amazon Link)

National Census Height Database Papers

Mean Body Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index, United States 1960–2002 (Advanced Data, For Vital And Health Statistics) Number 347, October 27, 2004

Height And Weight Of Adult Ages 18-74 Years By Socioeconomic And Geographic Variables, United States (Data from the National Health Survey, Series 11 Number. 224, Vital And Health Statistics)

Weight, Height, And Selected Body Dimensions Of Adults United States 1960-1962, Data from the National Health Survey, Series 11 Number 8, National Center For Health Statistics

E-Book Downloads

All of the downloads available are just stuff I have found across the internet. Some are PDFs and some are books. They are all FREE to take and download and use. If you see something that should not be posted here in violation of copyright laws, inform me and I will promptly take it down. All I ask is that you give a thanks for the postings. If you really like the webpage with the E-Products then you could make a donation to the cause.

Video, Mpeg, Audio, & MP3 Downloads

  • Grow Taller With Me Part I – Author: Zixia (Nicole) – Update Jan 10th, 2014 – At Zixia’s request I have decided to no longer allow for this file to be available. We respect most people’s right for privacy on the internet to protect their real, personal lives. 
  • Grow Taller WIth Me Part 2 – Author: Zixia (Nicole) – Update Jan 10th, 2014 – At Zixia’s request I have decided to no longer allow for this file to be available. We respect most people’s right for privacy on the internet to protect their real, personal lives.
  • Dr. Laura De Giorgio – Grow Taller Program (This program is over 340 MB so it is too large to upload to the website. There is 11 CD Mp3 files in it, around 10-30 MB in size for each one. If you want the entire program, you will have to email me )
  • Grow Taller 4 You Program – Author: Lance Ward (Inside the “Program” you will find 2 PDF Manuals and 5 Video files. Since the 5 Video files are too large to upload, I only uploaded the two manuals: Manual 1, Manual 2 – If you want the other 5 video files, you will have to email me)

Device, Techniques & Patents

Apparatus and method for invasive electrical stimulation of bone fractures – Eddie Adams (4602638)

Overview: An invasive electrical stimulation device includes a cathode an anode, each comprising a thin electrically conductive sheet having one exposed surface and the opposite surface covered with an insulation layer. A pair of insulated leads connect the cathode and anode to an implantable power pac which includes a source of electric power and an insulating encasement surrounding the same. The cathode may be equipped with a plurality of spaced-apart FM channel monitors which are electrically connected to an FM telemetry component within the power pac for transmitting signals indicative of the healing response of a fracture to electrical stimulation. A frequency modulated current regulator may be added to the power pac for adjusting the amperage in response to FM control signals from a remote transmitter or automatically by an implantable computer assisted device.

Automatic lengthening bone fixation device – Behrooz Akbarnia, et. al. (EP2244644 A1)

Overview: A bone fixation device adapted to be coupled to bone anchors that allows movement of rods to permit a screw-rod construct to lengthen in response to bone growth without necessitating post surgical installation adjustment of the device. The bone fixation device includes a locking mechanism that is operably associated with a housing to allow relative movement of a rod and a housing in a first direction and inhibiting relative movement of the rod and the housing in a second direction.

Bone and tissue lengthening device – R. Alan Spievack (EP0684793 B1)

Overview: A device for lengthening bone in a human or animal by incrementally extending the distance between discrete separated portions of the bone to permit continued bone growth between the separated portions comprising an intramedullary nail (4) having distal (6) and proximal (8) portions both of which are secured with the medullar canal of the bone. A hydraulic cylinder (2) comprises the proximal portion of the nail and a piston (9) comprises the distal portion of the nail. An implantable supply of operating fluid (30) communicates with the cylinder. A ratcheting mechanism (40), between the piston and cylinder, limits their relative movement. A shock absorber mechanism (52) permits limited lost motion between the piston and cylinder and ratcheting release mechanisms are employed to permit the piston and cylinder to reverse directions.

Combined tissue/bone growth stimulator and external fixation device – John C. Tepper, Richard M. Bryant (6678562)

Overview: A combined tissue/bone growth stimulator and external fixation device is provided to aid in the treatment of fractures, osteotomies, soft tissue injuries, and reconstructive surgery and to reduce the likelihood of complications. The tissue/bone growth stimulator apparatus includes an external fixation device for stabilization of a selected portion of a patient. The tissue/bone growth stimulator apparatus also includes an electrical circuit attached to and forming an integral component of the external fixation device and operable to generate an electrical drive signal. The tissue/bone growth stimulator apparatus also includes a cable adapted to connect the electrical drive signal to a stimulator portion operable to provide an electromagnetic field to stimulate the growth of bone and tissue at the selected portion of the patient and/or at other portions of the patient. More particularly, the electromagnetic field may be produced by directing a current through the external fixation…

Compact biomedical pulsed signal generator for bone tissue stimulation – James W. Kronberg (5217009)

Overview: An apparatus for stimulating bone tissue for stimulating bone growth or treating osteoporosis by applying directly to the skin of the patient an alternating current electrical signal comprising wave forms known to simulate the piezoelectric constituents in bone. The apparatus may, by moving a switch, stimulate bone growth or treat osteoporosis, as desired. Based on low-power CMOS technology and enclosed in a moisture-resistant case shaped to fit comfortably, two astable multivibrators produce the desired waveforms. The amplitude, pulse width and pulse frequency, and the subpulse width and subpulse frequency of the waveforms are adjustable. The apparatus, preferably powered by a standard 9-volt battery, includes signal amplitude sensors and warning signals indicate an output is being produced and the battery needs to be replaced.

Composition for increasing body height – Nakao, Kazuwa (EP1743653 A1)

Overview: This invention provides a composition for increasing a body height of a patient with short stature or an individual other than patients with short stature. More specifically, the invention provides: a composition for increasing the body height of an individual comprising a guanyl cyclase B (GC-B) activator as an active ingredient, the composition being to be administered to an individual free from FGFR3 abnormality; a method for increasing the body height of an individual free from FGFR3 abnormality which comprises activating GC-B; a method for screening an agent for increasing the body height of an individual which comprises selecting an agent for increasing the body height using GC-B activity as an indication; and a method for extending a cartilage bone free from FGFR3 abnormality which comprises activating GC-B in an individual.

Device for treating osteoporosis, hip and spine fractures and fusions with electric fields –  Carl T. Brighton et al. (7158835)

Overview: A technique and device for preventing and/or treating osteoporosis, hip and spine fractures, and/or spine fusions by incorporating at least one conductive coil (110) into a garment (90) adapted to be worn adjacent to the patient’s skin over a treatment area and applying an electrical signal to the coil effective to produce a magnetic flux the penetrates the treatment area so as to produce an electric field in the bones and the treatment area.

Electrical stimulation of articular chondrocytes – Carl T. Brighton (4487834)

Overview: Cell development in articular chondrocytes is enhanced by subjecting them to an alternating current field having a frequency of about 60/khz and a current density in the order of 30-40 .mu.amps/cm.sup.2

External bone fixation device – Bruce Henry Ide, Anthony Philip Pohl (EP0566561 A1)

Overview: This invention relates to external bone fixation devices used in the treatment of bone fractures and more specifically to a unilateral bone fixation device suitable for use in carrying out bone transport procedures and also bone lengthening procedures.

Human growth gene and short stature gene region. Therapeutic uses – Dr. Ercole Rao (EP1260228 A3)

Overview: Subject of the present invention is an isolated human nucleic acid molecule encoding polypeptides containing a homeobox domain of sixty amino acids having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and having regulating activity on human growth.

Three novel genes residing within the about 500kb short stature critical region on the X and Y chromosome were identified. At least one of these genes is responsible for the short stature phenotype. The cDNA corresponding to this gene may be used in diagnostic tools, and to further characterize the molecular basis for the short stature-phenotype. In addition, the identification of the gene product of the gene provides new means and methods for the development of superior therapies for short stature

Human growth hormone for treating children with abnormal short stature and kits and methods for diagnosing gs protein dysfunctions – Francis De Zegher (EP1370281 A2)

Overview: The present invention presents the use of human Growth Hormone for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of abnormal short stature, said short stature being characterized by a Gs protein pathway dysfunction. The invention further presents diagnostic methods and diagnostic kits for the determination of Gs pathway dysfunction.

Hyaluronan used in improvement of anti-oxidation and proliferation in chondrocytes – Huan-Ching Hsu et al (US 2008/0051367 A1)

Overview: The present invention relates to the use of hyaluronan in protecting chondrocytes against oxidative damages and further promoting their proliferation. Particularly, the present invention relates to the use of hyaluronan with a molecular weight of 600,000-1,200,000 Dalton in protecting chondrocytes against reactive oxygen damages and further promoting their proliferation.

Implantable bone growth stimulator –  Carl T. Brighton (4549547)

Overview: Disclosed is an implantable bone growth stimulator which needs no internal battery or large buffer capacitor. A receiving coil in a preferred embodiment, a ferrite core coil, receives RF energy from a transmitter external to the patient. The received RF energy is voltage doubled and rectified and provided to a constant current generator which in turn supplies a constant amount of current between implanted cathodes and an implanted anode. In preferred embodiments, the receiving coil, power supply, and cathodes are one unit which is located in place on an internal fixation device attached to the bones near the fracture site. In another embodiment, only the cathodes are located in the vicinity of the fracture site and the receiver coil voltage multiplier circuit and constant current source are located remote from the fracture site. Additionally, the internal fixation device in a preferred embodiment may have a plastic insert therein having one or more holes therethrough for the…

Implantable bone growth stimulator and method of operation – John H. Erickson, et. al (5441527)

Overview: A method for the therapeutic stimulation of bone growth of a bone site is disclosed comprising the steps of implanting first and second electrodes into the tissue near the base site. The electrodes are coupled to a bone growth stimulator which generates an alternating current.

Implantable bone-lengthening device –  James McCarthy (Publication number:US 2005/0234448 A1)

Overview: The invention relates to implantable bone-lengthening devices that are not placed intra-medullarily, but are placed extramedullarily, i.e., outside of the bones, but under the skin. The devices do not require exposed hardware (that leads to infection) or skin and muscle penetration from the pins (that cause pain), and produce minimal scarring from pin sites because the devices are placed under the skin of a patient using minimally invasive techniques. The devices may be designed with smooth contours to enable implantation using minimally invasive techniques. The devices may be actuated using an actuator that is externally or internally powered. In the case of external power, the devices may be powered remotely through high frequency transmission of power through the skin. Also included are bone-lengthening devices having fluid reservoirs and conduits for storing and delivering therapeutic fluids to treatment sites.

Increasing bone fracture resistance by repeated application of low magnitude forces resembling trauma forces – Gary S. Beaupre, Dennis R. Carter, Wilson C. Hayes (5752925)

Overview: The invention presents a method and device for increasing the fracture resistance of a bone tissue to a traumatic force. The method includes the step of selecting a nonphysiological impulse force having a location and direction resembling that of the traumatic force, but having a magnitude significantly smaller than the magnitude of the traumatic force. The impulse force is then repeatedly applied to the bone tissue, thereby stimulating the bone tissue to grow bone mass in critical areas where stresses from the traumatic force are largest. A device for applying the method includes an impulse force applicator for repeatedly applying the impulse force and a positioner for positioning the impulse force relative to the bone tissue.

Method and apparatus for cartilage growth stimulation –  Roger J. Talish et al (Patent number: 7108663)

Overview: The invention relates to apparatus and method for ultrasonically stimulating cartilage growth. The apparatus includes at least one ergonomically constructed ultrasonic transducer configured to cooperate with a placement module or strip for placement in proximity to an area where cartilage growth is desired. The apparatus also utilizes a portable, ergonomically constructed main operating unit constructed to fit within a pouch worn by the patient. In operation, at least one ultrasonic transducer positioned in proximity to an osteochondral site is excited for a predetermined period of time. To ensure that at least one ultrasonic transducer is properly positioned, and to insure compliance with a treatment protocol, a safety interlock is provided to prevent inadvertent excitation of the at least one ultrasonic transducer.

Method and apparatus for controlling the growth of cartilage – Abraham R. Liboff, Bruce R. McLeod, Stephen D. Smith (Patent number: 5067940)

Overview: An apparatus and method for regulating the growth of cartilage in vivo are provided. The apparatus includes a magnetic field generator and a magnetic field detector for producing a controlled, fluctuating, directionally oriented magnetic field parallel to a predetermined axis projecting through the target tissue. The field detector samples the magnetic flux density along the predetermined axis and provides a signal to a microprocessor which determines the average value of the flux density. The applied magnetic field is oscillated at predetermined frequencies to maintain a preselected ratio of frequency to average flux density. This ratio is maintained by adjusting the frequency of the fluctuating magnetic field and/or by adjusting the intensity of the applied magnetic field as the composite magnetic flux density changes in response to changes in the local magnetic field to which the target tissue is subjected. By maintaining these precise predetermined ratios of frequency to average…

Method for non-invasive electrical stimulation of epiphyseal plate growth – Carl T. Brighton

Overview: Epiphyseal growth plate stimulation in the bone of a living body is achieved by applying electrodes non-invasively to a body and supplying to said electrodes an AC signal in the range of about 2.5 to 15 volts peak-to-peak at a frequency of about 20-100 KHz.

Method for the promotion of growth, ingrowth and healing of bone tissue and the prevention of osteopenia by mechanical loading of the bone tissue – Kenneth J. McLeod, Clinton T. Rubin (5103806)

Overview: A method for preventing osteopenia, promoting bone tissue growth, ingrowth, and healing of bone tissue includes the step of applying a mechanical load to the bone tissue at a relatively low level on the order of between about 50 and about 500 microstrain, peak-to-peak, and at a relatively high frequency in the range of about 10 and about 50 hertz. Mechanical loading at such strain levels and such frequencies has been found to prevent bone loss and enhance new bone formation.

Method for treating cartilage related diseases –  Kai Yu et al (Patent number: 6713513)

Overview: The present invention relates to a method for preventing or treating of cartilage related diseases, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, articular cartilage damage, multiple chondritis, osteochondrosis, etc., which comprises administering an effective amount of calcium L-threonate to a subject in need of such prevention or treatment. It had been demonstrated by experiments that calcium L-threonate could improve significantly the positive expression percentage of collagen I mRNA in the chondrocyte and osteoblast, improved significantly the positive expression percentage of articular cartilage and epiphyseal cartilage, facilitated the growth of chondrocyte, increased the quantity of bone collagen, and promoted the formation of bone and cartilage matrix and the synthesis of proteoglycan. It could also promote the formation of bone nourishing blood vessels and improve the microcirculation of bone.

Method for treatment of non-union bone fractures by non-invasive electrical stimulation – Carl T. Brighton, Solomon R. Pollack (Patent number: 4535775)
Overview: Bone fractures previously considered incurable are healed non-invasively by applying to electrodes coupled to the skin of a living body in the vicinity of a bone fracture an alternating voltage having a wave form that is symmetrical with respect to the axis, a frequency in the range 20-100 KHz and a value in the range from about 2 to 10 volts peak to peak.
Overview: The invention relates to methods and articles of manufacture for treating short stature disorders related to the Short Stature Homeobox-containing (SHOX) gene which, in the human genome, is located in the pseudoautosomal region (PAR1) on the short arm of the X chromosome (Xp22.3) and Y chromosome (Yp11.3). More particularly, the invention relates to methods for treating a SHOX gene disorder, other than Turner syndrome, due to deficiency of one copy (haploinsufficiency) of the SHOX gene, by administering a growth hormone, particularly by administering human growth hormone to a human subject with a SHOX gene disorder.
Methods for modulating chondrocyte proliferation using pulsing electric fields –  James W. Kronberg et al (US 2008/0039901 A1)
Overview: Compositions and methods are provided for modulating the growth, development and repair of cartilage, bone or other connective tissue. Devices and stimulus waveforms are provided to differentially modulate the behavior of chondrocytes, osteoblasts and other connective tissue cells to promote proliferation, differentiation, matrix formation or mineralization for in vitro or in vivo applications. Continuous-mode and pulse-burst-mode stimulation of cells with charge-balanced signals may be used. Cartilage, bone and other connective tissue growth is stimulated in part by nitric oxide release through electrical stimulation and may be modulated through co-administration of NO donors and NO synthase inhibitors. The methods and devices described are useful in promoting repair of bone fractures, cartilage and connective tissue repair as well as for engineering tissue for transplantation.
MODULATING BONE GROWTH IN TREATING SCOLIOSIS – Kieran Murphy (Patent application number: 20100221229)

Overview: The present specification provides, amongst other things, a method of treating scoliosis comprising delivering a therapeutically acceptable amount of a growth modulator to an epiphyseal growth plate to correct or compensate for disproportionate growth.

Novel cartilage cell proliferation and differentiation inducer – Yuriko Furuya, Hisataka Yasuda (EP2343087 A1)

Overview: This invention provides a method for administration of an effective amount of RANKL-binding molecules that act on prechondrocytes and/or mesenchymal stem cells, accelerate cartilage differentiation, proliferation, and maturation of such cells, enhance chondrocyte differentiation, and induce chondrocyte proliferation to induce chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation or increase cartilage matrix production and a pharmaceutical composition used for inducing chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation or increasing cartilage matrix production. The pharmaceutical composition used for treatment or prevention of a chondropathies comprises, as an active ingredient, a compound that acts on prechondrocytes and/or mesenchymal stem cells and induces at least one of the following: (a) acceleration of prechondrocyte and/or mesenchymal stem cell differentiation; (b) acceleration of prechondrocyte and/or mesenchymal stem cell proliferation; (c) acceleration of prechondrocyte and/or mesenchymal stem cell maturation; (d) enhancement of chondrocyte differentiation; (e) chondrocyte proliferation; and (f) increased production of the cartilage matrix.

Non-invasive method for in-vivo bone-growth stimulation –  Kenneth J. McLeod et al. (Patent number : 5376065)

Overview: A method and apparatus for preventing osteopenia, promoting bone tissue growth, ingrowth, and healing of bone tissue includes the step of and means for applying a mechanical load to the bone tissue at a relatively low level on the order of between about 50 and about 500 microstrain, peak-to-peak, and at a relatively high frequency in the range from about 10 and about 100 Hz. Mechanical loading at such strain levels and such frequencies has been found to prevent bone loss and enhance new bone formation.

Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase gene expression using specific and selective electrical and electromagnetic signals – T. Carl Brighton (EP1643953 A2)

Overview: Methods and devices are provided for the targeted treatment of injured or diseased cartilage tissue that include generating specific and selective electric and electromagnetic signals that generate fields optimized for reduction of matrix metalloproteinase gene expression and exposing cartilage tissue to the fields generated by specific and selective signals so as to regulate matrix metalloproteinase gene expression in such cartilage tissue. The resulting methods and devices are useful for the targeted treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, cartilage injury, cartilage defects, and tumor metastasis.

REGULATION OF STEM CELL GENE PRODUCTION WITH SPECIFIC AND SELECTIVE ELECTRIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS – Carl T. Brighton (US 2012/0149968 A1)

Overview: Methods and devices are described for the regulation of BMP 2 and 4, TGF-beta 1, 2, and 3, FGF-2, osteocalcin, and alkaline phosphatase mRNA in stem cells via capacitive coupling or inductive coupling of specific and selective electric and/or electromagnetic fields to the bone cells or other tissues containing the stem cells, where the specific and selective fields are generated by application of specific and selective signals to field generating devices disposed with respect to the stem cells so as to facilitate the treatment of diseased or injured bone and other tissues. The resulting methods and devices are useful for the targeted treatment of osteoporosis, osteopenia, osteonecrosis, fresh bone fractures, fractures at risk, nonunion, bone defects, spine fusion, and/or other conditions in which BMP 2 and 4, TGF-beta 1, 2, and 3, FGF-2, osteocalcin, and alkaline phosphatase mRNA and/or protein deficiencies in stem cells has been implicated.

REGULATION OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA (TGF- ß) GENE EXPRESSION IN LIVING CELLS VIA THE APPLICATION OF SPECIFIC AND SELECTIVE ELECTRIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS – T. Carl Brighton (EP2024003 A1)

Overview: Methods and devices are described for the regulation of Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)- βl, β2, and/or β3 protein gene expression in bone cells and other tissues via the capacitive coupling or inductive coupling of specific and selective electric fields to the bone cells or other tissues, where the specific and selective electric fields are generated by application of specific and selective electric and electromagnetic signals to electrodes or one or more coils or other field generating device disposed with respect to the bone cells or other tissues so as to facilitate the treatment of diseased or injured bone and other tissues.

Regulation of type II collagen gene expression using specific and selective electrical and electromagnetic signals – Carl T. Brighton (RE41391)

Overview: Methods and devices for the regulation of type II collagen gene expression in cartilage cells via the application of specific and selective fields generated by specific and selective electric and electromagnetic signals in the treatment of diseased or injured articular cartilage. By gene expression is meant the up regulation or down regulation of the process whereby specific portions (genes) of the human genome (DNA) are transcribed into mRNA and subsequently translated into protein. Methods and devices are provided for the targeted treatment of injured or diseased cartilage tissue that include generating specific and selective electric and electromagnetic signals that generate specific and selective fields optimized for type II collagen gene expression and exposing cartilage tissue to the specific and selective fields generated by specific and selective signals so as to regulate type II collagen gene expression in such cartilage tissue. The resulting methods and devices are useful…

Resolution of aggrecan gene expression using specific and selective electrical and electromagnetic signals – T. Carl Brighton (EP1560553 A2)

Overview: Methods and devices for the regulation of aggrecan gene expression in cartilage cells via the application of fields generated by specific and selective electric and electromagnetic signals in the treatment of diseased or injured articular cartilage. By gene expression is meant the up regulation or down regulation of the process whereby specific portions (genes) of the human genome (DNA) are transcribed into mRNA and subsequently translated into protein. Methods and devices are provided for the targeted treatment of injured or diseased cartilage tissue that include generating specific and selective electric and electromagnetic signals that generate fields optimized for aggrecan gene expression and exposing cartilage tissue to the fields generated by specific and selective signals so as to regulate aggrecan gene expression in such cartilage tissue. The resulting methods and devices are useful for the targeted treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, cartilage injury, and cartilage defects.

System and method of up-regulating bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) gene expression in bone cells via the application of fields generated by specific and selective electric and electromagnetic signals – Carl T Brighton (8017369)

Overview: Methods and devices are described for the regulation of bone morphogenetic protein gene expression in bone cells via the application of fields generated by specific and selective electric and electromagnetic signals in the treatment of diseased or injured bone. By gene expression is meant the up-regulation or down-regulation of the process whereby specific portions (genes) of the human genome (DNA) are transcribed into mRNA and subsequently translated into protein. Methods and devices are provided for the targeted treatment of injured or diseased bone tissue that include generating specific and selective electric and electromagnetic signals that generate fields optimized for increase of bone morphogenetic protein gene expression and exposing bone to the fields generated by specific and selective signals so as to regulate bone morphogenetic protein gene expression in such bone tissue. The resulting methods and devices are useful for the targeted treatment of bone fractures, fractures…

Therapeutic agent for cartilaginous diseases – Masahiro Iwamoto et al. (6756358)

Overview: The present invention relates to a therapeutic agent for cartilaginous diseases, an accelerator for chondrocyte proliferation and an accelerator for proteoglycan production comprising HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) as an active component, and a treatment method for cartilaginous diseases of human or mammals comprising administering an effective amount of HGF. The active component HGF has an effect to promote the proliferation of chondrocytes and to promote the production of proteoglycan. Therefore, the therapeutic agent and accelerator of the present invention are useful for the prevention and treatment of various disorders caused by cartilaginous diseases.

Therapeutic method – Jillian Cornish, Reginald Ian Reid (EP1027027 A2)

Overview: This invention is directed to new therapeutic uses which involve the stimulation of chondrocyte proliferation. More particularly, it is directed to the use of amylin and adrenomedullin as agents which stimulate chondrocyte proliferation and which therefore have utility in the treatment of cartilage disorders and/or cartilage mediated bone growth.

Use of natriuretic peptides for the treatment of stature disorders related to the shox gene – Beate Haecker, Gudrun Rappold-Hoerbrand (EP1583554 A2)

Overview: The invention relates to the use of natriuretic peptides (ANP or BNP) for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of short stature in a subject being suspected of having a genetic defect in the human SHOX gene. Further, the invention relates to use of natriuretic peptides in combination with a growth protein and/or a SHOX protein for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of patients having a SHOX gene disorder. The invention also relates to the use of natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) in combination with a SHOX protein for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of patients with cardiovascular diseases. The invention also comprises an article of manufacture comprising packaging material and a pharmaceutical composition comprising natriuretic peptides.

Scientific Articles, Journal Publishings, Papers, Etc.

These are the PDF documents I have found which detail the human growth process and mechanics which I would highly advice the reader read to get a better understanding on what our research will eventually focus on later on in this website. As always just getting through the required texts and papers to reach full understanding is not enough. Just like in school where there was required textbooks and readings, there will also be included papers who are recommended as suggested reading for the reader to get a better understanding.

Note: As always the papers are listed in alphabetical order.

  1. “1,25-(OH)2D3 modulates growth plate chondrocytes via membrane receptor-mediated protein kinase C by a mechanism that involves changes in phospholipid metabolism and the action of arachidonic acid and PGE2.” – Author: Boyan BD, Sylvia VL, Dean DD, et. al. (source link)
  2. “24,25-(OH)(2)D(3) regulates cartilage and bone via autocrine and endocrine mechanisms.” – Author: Boyan BD, Sylvia VL, Dean DD, Schwartz Z. (source link)
  3. “A comparison of three cell types as potential candidates for intervertebral disc therapy: annulus fibrosus cells, chondrocytes, and bone marrow derived cells.” – Author: Kuh SU, Zhu Y, Li J, Tsai KJ, Fei Q, Hutton WC, Yoon TS. (source link)
  4. “A method of assessing skeletal maturity from radiographs” – Author: Roy M. Acheson (source link)
  5. “A novel growth-promoting factor derived from fetal bovine cartilage, chondromodulin II. Purification and amino acid sequence.” – Author: Hiraki Y, Inoue H, Kondo J, Kamizono A, Yoshitake Y, Shukunami C, Suzuki F. (source link)
  6. “A novel in vivo model to study endochondral bone formation; HIF-1alpha activation and BMP expression.” – Author: Emans PJ, Spaapen F, Surtel DA, et. al. (source link)
  7. “Accelerated Growth Plate Mineralization and Foreshortened Proximal Limb Bones in Fetuin-A Knockout Mice” – Author: Jong Seto, et. al. (source link)
  8. “Acceleration of regenerate ossification during distraction osteogenesis with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7.” – Author: Mizumoto Y, Moseley T, Drews M, Cooper VN 3rd, Reddi AH. (source link)
  9. “Activation of collagen type II expression in osteoarthritic and rheumatoid cartilage.” – Author: Aigner T, Stöss H, Weseloh G, Zeiler G, von der Mark K. (source link)
  10. “Adult mesenchymal stem cells and cell-based tissue engineering” – Author: Rocky S Tuan, Genevieve Boland and Richard Tuli (source link)
  11. “[Advance on repair of growth plate injury].” – Author: Wang J, Yang ZM. (source link)
  12. “ALK2 functions as a BMP type I receptor and induces Indian hedgehog in chondrocytes during skeletal development.” – Author: Zhang D, Schwarz EM, Rosier RN, Zuscik MJ, Puzas JE, O’Keefe RJ. (source link)
  13. “Alterations of the growth plate in chronic renal failure.” – Author: Santos F, Carbajo-Pérez E, Rodríguez J, Fernández-Fuente M, Molinos I, Amil B, García E. (source link)
  14. “An electromagnetic compressive force by cell exciter stimulates chondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.” – Author: Park SH, Sim WY, Park SW, Yang SS, Choi BH, Park SR, Park K, Min BH. (source link)
  15. “[Application of extracorporeal shock-wave therapy (ESWT) in delayed unions and non-unions].” – Author: Liu MQ, Guo X, Kuang SC, Wang SH, Rong GW. (source link)
  16. “APPLICATION OF NON-LINEAR ELASTIC WAVE SPECTROSCOPY (NEWS) TO IN VITRO DAMAGEASSESSMENT IN CORTICAL BONE” – Author: Marie Muller (source link)
  17. “Arachidonic acid directly mediates the rapid effects of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 via protein kinase C and indirectly through prostaglandin production in resting zone chondrocytes.” – Author: Schwartz Z, Sylvia VL, Curry D, Luna MH, Dean DD, Boyan BD. (source link)
  18. “Arms and the Man: The Problem of Symmetric Growth” – Author: (source link)
  19. “Articular cartilage collagen: an irreplaceable framework?” – Author: Eyre DR, Weis MA, Wu JJ. (source link)
  20. “Articular cartilage regeneration using periosteum.” – Author: O’Driscoll SW. (source link)
  21. “Assessment of epiphyseal plate allograft viability and function after ex vivo storage in University of Wisconsin Solution.” – Author: Ravindran S, Boyer MI, Martens E, Ntouvali H, McAlinden A. (source link)
  22. “Basic Science of Articular Cartilage and Osteoarthritis” – Author: Andrew D. Pearle, et. al. (source link)
  23. “Bioengineering and characterization of physeal transplant with physeal reconstruction potential.” Author: Lee KM, Cheng AS, Cheung WH, Lui PP, Ooi V, Fung KP, Leung PC, Leung KS (source link)
  24. “BIOPHYSICAL STIMULATION OF BONE FRACTURE REPAIR, REGENERATION AND REMODELLING” – Authors:  Edmund Y.S. Chao* and Nozomu Inoue (source link)
  25. “Biological repair of the degenerated intervertebral disc by the injection of growth factors.” – Author: Masuda K. (source link)
  26. “Biology Of Bone” (Powerpoint File .pdf) – Author: Dr. Mark A.Birch (source link)
  27. “BMP and Ihh/PTHrP signaling interact to coordinate chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation.” – Author: Minina E, Wenzel HM, Kreschel C, Karp S, Gaffield W, McMahon AP, Vortkamp A. (source link)
  28. “BMP-2 enhances TGF-beta3-mediated chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells in alginate bead culture.” – Author: Shen B, Wei A, Tao H, Diwan AD, Ma DD. (source link)
  29. “BMP2, but not BMP4, is crucial for chondrocyte proliferation and maturation during endochondral bone development.” – Author: Shu B, et. al. (source link)
  30. “BMP-6 and BMPR-1a are up-regulated in the growth plate of the fractured tibia.” – Author: Fischerauer EE, et. al. (source link)
  31. “BMP-6 is an autocrine stimulator of chondrocyte differentiation.” – Author: Grimsrud CD, Romano PR, D’Souza M, Puzas JE, Reynolds PR, Rosier RN, O’Keefe RJ. (source link)
  32. “BMP signaling stimulates chondrocyte maturation and the expression of Indian hedgehog.” – Author: Grimsrud CD, Romano PR, D’Souza M, et. al. (source link)
  33. “Bone formation via cartilage models: the “borderline” chondrocyte.” – Author: Bianco P, Cancedda FD, Riminucci M, Cancedda R. (source link)
  34. “Bone Growth in Length and Width: The Yin and Yang of Bone Stability” – Author:  F. Rauch  (source link)
  35. “Bone morphogenetic protein-2 facilitates expression of chondrogenic, not osteogenic, phenotype of human intervertebral disc cells.” – Author: Kim DJ, Moon SH, Kim H, Kwon UH, Park MS, Han KJ, Hahn SB, Lee HM. (source link)
  36. “Bone morphogenetic protein 2 stimulates articular cartilage proteoglycan synthesis in vivo but does not counteract interleukin-1alpha effects on proteoglycan synthesis and content.” – Author: Glansbeek HL, van Beuningen HM, Vitters EL, Morris EA, van der Kraan PM, van den Berg WB. (source link)
  37. “Bone quality and growth characteristics of growth plates following limb transplantation between animals of different ages – Results of an experimental study in male syngeneic rats” – Author: Hitesh N Modi,, et. al. (source link)
  38. “Bone regeneration and fracture healing. Experience with distraction osteogenesis model.” – Author: Richards M, Goulet JA, Weiss JA, Waanders NA, Schaffler MB, Goldstein SA. (source link)
  39. “Breaking bony bridges by physeal distraction. A new approach.” – Author: Canadell J, de Pablos J. (source link)
  40. “Brief exposure to high-dose transforming growth factor-beta1 enhances periosteal chondrogenesis in vitro: a preliminary report.” – Author: Miura Y, Parvizi J, Fitzsimmons JS, O’Driscoll SW. (source link)
  41. “Calcium citrate: a new biomaterial that can enhance bone formation in situ.” – Author: Li-Ming Wang, Wei Wang, Xiu-Cui Li, et. al. (source link)
  42. “Can TGF-beta1 and rhBMP-2 act in synergy to transform bone marrow stem cells to discogenic-type cells?” – Author: Kuh SU, Zhu Y, Li J, Tsai KJ, Fei Q, Hutton WC, Yoon ST. (source link)
  43. “Carboxypeptidase Z (CPZ) links thyroid hormone and Wnt signaling pathways in growth plate chondrocytes.” – Author: Wang L, Shao YY, Ballock RT. (source link)
  44. “Catch-up growth after hypothyroidism is caused by delayed growth plate senescence.” – Author: Marino R, Hegde A, Barnes KM, Schrier L, Emons JA, Nilsson O, Baron J. (source link)
  45. “Cellular mechanisms for methotrexate chemotherapy-induced bone growth defects.” – Author: Xian CJ, Cool JC, Scherer MA, Macsai CE, Fan C, Covino M, Foster BK. (source link)
  46. “Cervical vertebral bone age in girls.” – Author: Mito T, Sato K, Mitani H. (source link)
  47. “Changes in the tibial growth plates of chickens with thiram-induced dyschondroplasia.” – Author: Rath NC, Richards MP, Huff WE, Huff GR, Balog JM. (source link)
  48. “Chondrocyte allograft transplantation for damaged growth plate reconstruction.” – Author: Park JS, Ahn JI, Oh DI. (source link)
  49. “Chondrocyte injection in distraction epiphysiolysis (rabbit model).” – Author: Ahn JI, Erdin RA, Smith R, Canale ST, Hasty KA. (source link)
  50. “Chondrocytes and longitudinal bone growth: the development of tibial dyschondroplasia.” – Author: Farquharson C, Jefferies D. (source link)
  51. “Chondrogenic differentiation of bovine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in different hydrogels: influence of collagen type II extracellular matrix on MSC chondrogenesis.” – Author: Bosnakovski D, Mizuno M, Kim G, Takagi S, Okumura M, Fujinaga T. (source link)
  52. “Chondrogenic differentiation of bovine synovium: bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 7 and transforming growth factor beta1 induce the formation of different types of cartilaginous tissue.” – Author: Shintani N, Hunziker EB. (source link)
  53. “Chondrogenic differentiation of growth factor-stimulated precursor cells in cartilage repair tissue is associated with increased HIF-1alpha activity.” – Author: Gelse K, Mühle C, Knaup K, Swoboda B, Wiesener M, Hennig F, Olk A, Schneider H. (source link)
  54. “Chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and its clinical applications.” Author: Lee JW, Kim YH, Kim SH, Han SH, Hahn SB. (source link)
  55. “Chondromodulin-I as a novel cartilage-specific growth-modulating factor.” – Author: Hiraki Y, Shukunami C. (source link)
  56. “Chondromodulin-I expression in the growth plate of young uremic rats.” – Author: Amil B, Fernandez-Fuente M, Molinos I, et. al. (source link)
  57. “Chondromodulin 1 stabilizes the chondrocyte phenotype and inhibits endochondral ossification of porcine cartilage repair tissue.” – Author: Klinger P, Surmann-Schmitt C, Brem M, et. al. (source link)
  58. “Chronologic age and skeletal maturation of the cervical vertebrae and hand-wrist: is there a relationship?” – Author: Uysal T, Ramoglu SI, Basciftci FA, Sari Z. (source link)
  59. “Coculture of synovium-derived stem cells and nucleus pulposus cells in serum-free defined medium with supplementation of transforming growth factor-beta1: a potential application of tissue-specific stem cells in disc regeneration.” – Author: Chen S, Emery SE, Pei M. (source link)
  60. “Collagen of articular cartilage.” – Author: Eyre D. (source link)
  61. “Combination of transforming growth factor-beta2 and bone morphogenetic protein 7 enhances chondrogenesis from adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells.” – Author: Kim HJ, Im GI. (source link)
  62. “Combined effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 and transforming growth factor-beta1 on periosteal mesenchymal cells during chondrogenesis in vitro.” – Author: Fukumoto T, Sperling JW, Sanyal A, Fitzsimmons JS, Reinholz GG, Conover CA, O’Driscoll SW. (source link)
  63. “Comparative review of growth factors for induction of three-dimensional in vitro chondrogenesis in human mesenchymal stem cells isolated from bone marrow and adipose tissue.” – Author: Puetzer JL, Petitte JN, Loboa EG. (source link)
  64. “Comparative study of the ability of mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, periosteum, and adipose tissue in treatment of partial growth arrest in rabbit.” – Author: Hui JH, Li L, Teo YH, Ouyang HW, Lee EH. (source link)
  65. “Co-ordination of TGF-beta and FGF signaling pathways in bone organ cultures.” – Author: Mukherjee A, Dong SS, Clemens T, Alvarez J, Serra R. (source link)
  66. “CTGF/Hcs24, a hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific gene product, stimulates proliferation and differentiation, but not hypertrophy of cultured articular chondrocytes.” – Author: Nishida T, Kubota S, Nakanishi T, Kuboki T, Yosimichi G, Kondo S, Takigawa M. (source link)
  67. “Cultured mesenchymal stem cell transfers in the treatment of partial growth arrest.” – Author: Chen F, Hui JH, Chan WK, Lee EH. (source link)
  68. “Cyclic hydrostatic pressure enhances the chondrogenic phenotype of human mesenchymal progenitor cells differentiated in vitro” – Author: Angele P, Yoo JU, Smith C, Mansour J, Jepsen KJ, Nerlich M, Johnstone B. (source link)
  69. “Cyclic, mechanical compression enhances chondrogenesis of mesenchymal progenitor cells in tissue engineering scaffolds.” – Author: Angele P, Schumann D, Angele M, et.al.(source link)
  70. “Daily or intermittent calcitriol administration during growth hormone therapy in rats with renal failure and advanced secondary hyperparathyroidism.” – Author: Sanchez CP, He YZ. (source link)
  71. “Delayed stimulatory effect of low-intensity shockwaves on human periosteal cells.” – Author: Tam KF, Cheung WH, Lee KM, Qin L, Leung KS. (source link)
  72. “Depletion of resting zone chondrocytes during growth plate senescence.” – Author: Schrier L, Ferns SP, Barnes KM, Emons JA, Newman EI, Nilsson O, Baron J. (source link)
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  115. “Expression of the cartilage derived anti-angiogenic factor chondromodulin-I decreases in the early stage of experimental osteoarthritis.” – Author: Hayami T, Funaki H, Yaoeda K, (source link)
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  117. “Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for nonunion of the tibia.” – Author: Elster EA, Stojadinovic A, Forsberg J, Shawen S, Andersen RC, Schaden W. (source link)
  118. “Extracorporeal shockwave therapy shows time-dependent chondroprotective effects in osteoarthritis of the knee in rats.” – Author: Wang CJ, Sun YC, Wong T, Hsu SL, Chou WY, Chang HW. (source link)
  119. “Factors regulating condylar cartilage growth under repeated load application.” – Author: Ng AF, Yang YO, Wong RW, Hägg EU, Rabie AB. (source link)
  120. “Feasibility of a stem cell therapy for intervertebral disc degeneration.” – Author: Sobajima S, Vadala G, Shimer A, Kim JS, Gilbertson LG, Kang JD. (source link)
  121. “FGF-2 enhances TGF-beta1-induced periosteal chondrogenesis.” – Author: Stevens MM, Marini RP, Martin I, Langer R, Prasad Shastri V. (source link)
  122. “FGFR3 down-regulates PTH/PTHrP receptor gene expression by mediating JAK/STAT signaling in chondrocytic cell line.” – Author: Li M, Seki Y, Freitas PH, et. al. (source link)
  123. “Fibroblast growth factor-2 maintains the differentiation potential of nucleus pulposus cells in vitro: implications for cell-based transplantation therapy.” – Author: Tsai TT, Guttapalli A, Oguz E, Chen LH, Vaccaro AR, Albert TJ, Shapiro IM, Risbud MV. (source link)
  124. “Fibroblast Growth Factor Expression In The Postnatal Growth Plate” – Author: Jacob E. Lazarus, Anita Hegde, Anenisia C. Andrade, Ola Nilsson, Jeffrey Baron (source link)
  125. “Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 effects on proliferation and telomerase activity in sheep growth platechondrocytes.” – Author: Smith LB, Belanger JM, Oberbauer AM. (source link)
  126. “Four distinct chondrocyte populations in the fetal bovine growth plate: highest expression levels of PTH/PTHrP receptor, Indian hedgehog, and MMP-13 in hypertrophic chondrocytes and their suppression by PTH (1-34) and PTHrP (1-40).” – Author: Weisser J, Riemer S, Schmidl M, Suva LJ, Pöschl E, Bräuer R, von der Mark K. (source link)
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  133. “Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factors, and the Skeleton” – Author: Andrea Giustina, Gherardo Mazziotti, and Ernesto Canalis (source link)
  134. “Growth hormone in vivo potentiates the stimulatory effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 in vitro on colony formation of epiphyseal chondrocytes isolated from hypophysectomized rats.” – Author: Lindahl A, Isgaard J, Isaksson OG. (source link)
  135. “Growth-inhibiting conditions slow growth plate senescence.” – Author: Forcinito P, Andrade AC, Finkielstain GP, Baron J, Nilsson O, Lui JC. (source link)
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  137. “Growth-plate cartilage in chronic renal failure.” – Author: Sanchez CP. (source link)
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  142. “Growth promotion by insulin-like growth factor I in hypophysectomized and diabetic rats.” – Author: Zapf J. (source link)
  143. “Histologic and Dynamic Changes Induced by Chronic Metabolic Acidosis in the Rat Growth Plate” – Author: EDUARDO CARBAJO*, JOSÉ MANUEL LÓPEZ†, FERNANDO SANTOS‡, FLOR ANGEL ORDÓÑEZ‡, PILAR NIÑO* and JULIÁN RODRÍGUEZ‡ (source link)
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  156. “Indian Hedgehog coordinates endochondral bone growth and morphogenesis via Parathyroid Hormone related-Protein-dependent and -independent pathways” – Author: Seth J. Karp1, Ernestina Schipani, Benoit St-Jacques, Joy Hunzelman2, Henry Kronenberg, and Andrew P. McMahon1 (source link)
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  164. “Interleukin-1beta and TNF-alpha Act in Synergy to Inhibit Longitudinal Growth in Fetal Rat Metatarsal Bones” – Author: Katarina Mårtensson, Dionisios Chrysis, and Lars Sa¨vendahl (source link)
  165. “Intradiscal administration of osteogenic protein-1 increases intervertebral disc height and proteoglycan content in the nucleus pulposus in normal adolescent rabbits.” – Author: An HS, Takegami K, Kamada H, Nguyen CM, Thonar EJ, Singh K, Andersson GB, Masuda K. (source link)
  166. “Joint Loading Modality: Its Application to Bone Formation and Fracture Healing” – Author: Ping Zhang1, George M. Malacinski2, and Hiroki Yokota1 (source link)
  167. “Knee loading stimulates cortical bone formation in murine femurs.” – Author: Zhang P, Su M, Tanaka SM, Yokota H. (source link)
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  169. “Leptin synergizes with thyroid hormone signaling in promoting growth plate chondrocyte proliferation and terminal differentiation in vitro.” – Author: Wang L, Shao YY, Ballock RT. (source link)
  170. “Load application induces changes in the expression levels of Sox-9, FGFR-3 and VEGF in condylar chondrocytes.” – Author: Papadopoulou AK, et. al. (source link)
  171. “LOAD-DRIVEN BONE LENGTHENING” – Project Number: 5R03AR055322-02 – Author: Ping Zhang (source link)
  172. “LOCAL REGULATION OF GROWTH PLATE CHONDROCYTES: Molecular PLATE CHONDROCYTES: Molecular Mechanisms and Implications for Longitudinal Bone Growth” – Authors:  Anenisia Coelho de Andrade – Thesis for doctoral degree (Ph.D) 2010 at Karolinska Institutet
  173. “Locally produced estrogen promotes fetal rat metatarsal bone growth; an effect mediated through increased chondrocyte proliferation and decreased apoptosis.” – Author: Chagin AS, Chrysis D, Takigawa M, Ritzen EM, Sävendahl L. (source link)
  174. “Longitudinal growth rate following slow physeal distraction. The proximal tibial growth plate studied in rabbits.” – Author: Pereira BP, Cavanagh SP, Pho RW. (source link)
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  176. “Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerated callus formation, angiogenesis and callus remodeling in osteoporotic fracture healing.” – Author: Cheung WH, Chow SK, Sun MH, Qin L, Leung KS. (source link)
  177. “Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerates bone maturation in distraction osteogenesis in rabbits.” – Author: Shimazaki A, Inui K, Azuma Y, Nishimura N, Yamano Y. (source link)
  178. “Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound does not enhance distraction callus in a rabbit model.” – Author: Taylor KF, Rafiee B, Tis JE, Inoue N. (source link)
  179. “Low-intensity ultrasound inhibits apoptosis and enhances viability of human mesenchymal stem cells in three-dimensional alginate culture during chondrogenic differentiation.” – Author: Lee HJ, Choi BH, Min BH, Park SR. (source link)
  180. “Low-intensity ultrasound stimulation enhances chondrogenic differentiation in alginate culture of mesenchymal stem cells.” – Auhor: Lee HJ, Choi BH, Min BH, Son YS, Park SR. (source link)
  181. “Matrix Metalloproteinases Are Not Essential for Aggrecan Turnover during Normal Skeletal Growth and Development” – Author: Christopher B. Little,† Clare T. Meeker, Rosalind M. Hembry,‡ Natalie A. Sims,§ Kate E. Lawlor, Sue B. Golub, Karena Last, and Amanda J. Fosang* (source link)
  182. “Mechanical means to improve bone strength: ultrasound and vibration.” – Author: Kasturi G, Adler RA (source link)
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  184. “Mechanical tension-stress induces expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and BMP-4, but not BMP-6, BMP-7, and GDF-5 mRNA, during distraction osteogenesis.” – Author: Sato M, Ochi T, Nakase T, Hirota S, Kitamura Y, Nomura S, Yasui N. (source link)
  185. “Mechanobiology of skeletal regeneration.” – Author: Carter DR, Beaupré GS, Giori NJ, Helms JA. (source link)
  186. “Mesenchymal stem cells as a potential pool for cartilage tissue engineering.” – Author: Csaki C, Schneider PR, Shakibaei M. (source link)
  187. “Mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage engineering.” – Author: Huselstein C, Li Y, He X. (source link)
  188. “Mesenchymal stem cells in connective tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: applications in cartilage repair and osteoarthritis therapy.” – Author: Mobasheri A, Csaki C, Clutterbuck AL, Rahmanzadeh M, Shakibaei M. (source link)
  189. “Mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative medicine: opportunities and challenges for articular cartilage and intervertebral disc tissue engineering.” – Author: Richardson SM, Hoyland JA, Mobasheri R, Csaki C, Shakibaei M, Mobasheri A. (source link)
  190. “Microarray expression analysis of genes and pathways involved in growth plate cartilage injury responses and bony repair.” – Author: Macsai CE, Georgiou KR, Foster BK, Zannettino AC, Xian CJ. (source link)
  191. “Microelectrode study of stress-generated potentials obtained from uniform and nonuniform compression of human bone.” – Author: Iannacone W, Korostoff E, Pollack SR. (source link)
  192. “Microvascular transplantation of epiphyseal plates: studies utilizing allograft donor material.” – Author: Boyer MI, Bowen CV. (source link)
  193. “Mode of action of pituitary growth hormone on target cells.” – Author: Isaksson OG, Edén S, Jansson JO. (source link)
  194. “Modified Greulich-Pyle, Tanner-Whitehouse, and Roche-Wainer-Thissen (knee) methods for skeletal age assessment in a group of Italian children and adolescents” – Author: M. Vignolo, S. Milani, E. DiBattista, A. Naselli, M. Mostert, G. Aicardi (source link)
  195. “Modulating chondrocyte hypertrophy in growth plate and osteoarthritic cartilage.” – Author: Gauci SJ, Golub SB, Tutolo L, Little CB, Sims NA, Lee ER, Mackie EJ, Fosang AJ. (source link)
  196. “Modulation of endochondral bone formation: roles of growth hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and hyperparathyroidism.” – Author: Sanchez CP. (source link)
  197. “Molecular and biophysical mechanisms regulating hypertrophic differentiation in chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells.” – Author: Studer D, Millan C, Öztürk E, Maniura-Weber K, Zenobi-Wong M. (source link)
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  201. “Multiple pathways to cellular senescence: role of telomerase repressors.” – Author: Oshimura M, Barrett JC. (source link)
  202. “Nanotechnology and mesenchymal stem cells with chondrocytes in prevention of partial growth plate arrest in pigs.” – Author: Planka L, Srnec R, Rauser P, Stary D, Filova E, Jancar J, Juhasova J, Kren L, Necas A, Gal P. (source link)
  203. “New aspects of normal bone biology” (Ch. 2)- Author: Susan M. Ott (source link)
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  205. “New use of a three-dimensional pellet culture system for human intervertebral disc cells: initial characterization and potential use for tissue engineering.” – Author: Lee JY, Hall R, Pelinkovic D, Cassinelli E, Usas A, Gilbertson L, Huard J, Kang J. (source link)
  206. “Nicotine-induced chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells in vitro.” – Author: Xiaozhou Ying, Wei Zhang, Shaowen Cheng, etc. (source link)
  207. “Nicotine promotes proliferation and collagen synthesis of chondrocytes isolated from normal human and osteoarthritis patients.” – Author: Xiaozhou Ying, Shaowen Cheng, Yue Shen, et. al. (source link)
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  346. “Treatment of human mesenchymal stem cells with pulsed low intensity ultrasound enhances the chondrogenic phenotype in vitro.” – Author: Schumann D, Kujat R, Zellner J, Angele MK, Nerlich M, Mayr E, Angele P. (source link)
  347. “Treatment of rabbit growth plate injuries with an autologous tissue-engineered composite. An experimental study.” – Author: Jin XB, Luo ZJ, Wang J. (source link)
  348. “Treatment of resting zone chondrocytes with 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24,25-(OH)2D3] induces differentiation into a 1,25-(OH)2D3-responsive phenotype characteristic of growth zone chondrocytes.” – Author: Schwartz Z, Dean DD, Walton JK, Brooks BP, Boyan BD. (source link)
  349. “Treatment of resting zone chondrocytes with bone morphogenetic protein-2 induces maturation into a phenotype characteristic of growth zone chondrocytes by downregulating responsiveness to 24,25(OH)2D3 and upregulating responsiveness to 1,25-(OH)2D3.” – Author: Schwartz Z, Sylvia VL, Liu Y, Dean DD, Boyan BD. (source link)
  350. “Treatment of resting zone chondrocytes with transforming growth factor-beta 1 induces differentiation into a phenotype characteristic of growth zone chondrocytes by downregulating responsiveness to 24,25-(OH)2D3 and upregulating responsiveness to 1,25-(OH)2D3.” – Author: Schwartz Z, Sylvia VL, Liu Y, Dean DD, Boyan BD. (source link)
  351. “Type X collagen expression in osteoarthritic and rheumatoid articular cartilage.” – Author: Aigner T, Reichenberger E, Bertling W, Kirsch T, Stöss H, von der Mark K. (source link)
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  354. “Unique and redundant roles of Smad3 in TGF-beta-mediated regulation of long bone development in organ culture.” – Author: Alvarez J, Serra R. (source link)
  355. “Vertebrate skeletogenesis” – Author: Véronique Lefebvre and Pallavi Bhattaram (source link)
  356. “Viscoelastic response of the rat loading model: implications for studies of strain-adaptive bone formation.” – Author: Hsieh YF, Wang T, Turner CH. (source link)
  357. “Viscosupplementation with intra-articular hyaluronic acid for treatment of osteoarthritis in the elderly.” – Author: Abate M, Pulcini D, Di Iorio A, Schiavone C. (source link)
  358. “What Makes the Permanent Articular Cartilage Permanent?” – Author: Murphy CL. (source link)
  359. “Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in mesenchymal progenitors controls osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation during vertebrate skeletogenesis.” – Author: Day TF, Guo X, Garrett-Beal L, Yang Y (source link)
  360. “Wnt/β-catenin signaling interacts differentially with Ihh signaling in controlling endochondral bone and synovial joint formation” – Author: Kingston Kinglun Mak1, Miao-Hsueh Chen2, Timothy F. Day1, Pao-Tien Chuang2,*and Yingzi Yang1 – (source link)
  361. “Wnt induction of chondrocyte hypertrophy through the Runx2 transcription factor.” – Author: Dong YF, Soung do Y, Schwarz EM (source link)
  362. “Wnt signal transduction pathways” – Author: Yuko Komiya and Raymond Habas (source link)
  363. “Zonal responsiveness of the human intervertebral disc to bone morphogenetic protein-2.” – Author: Kim H, Lee JU, Moon SH, et. al. (source link)

How I Plan To Find A Solution. What Is My Intended Method Of Solving This Complicated Riddle?

My Approach To Solving Problems: Something I learned in one of my introductory engineering courses when I first began my undergraduate studies was that for different people, there are different ways to solve problems. In the most simplest model, you can break up problem solvers into two groups, where you have the linear thinkers in one group and the holistic thinkers in another group. I am not a linear thinker but approach problems in a holistic way. This means that while it would take me longer to be able to understand a problem and solve a problem, my way of looking at problem usually lets me see it at a deeper level.

Linear thinkers think in a linear fashion, going from step by step in a very calculated analytical way to find a solution. When it comes to calculations where there is a clear procedure of steps to take, the linear problem solver will reach the solution faster. Difficulties and challenges are pushed past or they manuever around the challenges, but never get off their chosen path.

Holistic thinkers look at problems in a more broad general way. Instead of only going in one path and trying out one approach and view point, we first skim and superficially look at a problem and slowly pick out the pieces of facts and information we think is important. Over time, our minds build up the connections and see how each element of the problem is connected with each other. Holistic thinkers usually can find more than 1 way to solve a problem however their level of concentration and focus is not as strong as the linear thinker. When one idea of  or path in solving the problem faces challenges or a technical difficulty, the person would move away from that idea for a while but come back to it and that often leads to a clearer, better understood viewpoint.

I. First thing is that I intend to do is collect all the data available. The internet is a huge place with thousands of websites that talk about something dealing with height increase. With all the data, there is bound to be at least a few websites and posts which will be more informative than just the regular technical stuff one finds in a medical textbook or research journal. This is the set of information to first look through. It allows me to get an idea on what the major pathways can possibly.

And I haven’t even talked about the forums, message boards, and private, personal websites of other people who I haven’t found yet. I did say once that I wanted to make this website the ultimate resource on the subject of height and height increase but I would only be talking about the websites that are only in the language of English. It is totally possible that there are websites in Spanish or Mandarin where the subject is talked about even more which I am not aware of yet. I know that one forum in the Resource page is in the Turkish language.

II. Second I will go into Biology and Medicine Libraries on University campuses to search for real textbooks on the subjects of Orthopedics, Endocrinology, Genetics, Biotech, Tissue Engineering, etc. These are the real source of medical facts which we should be going off of to validate the ideas and methods people on the internet come up with. The facts are that almost all the ideas proposed by height increase seekers are not validated by current accepted biological/physiological principles.

III. Third, I want to bring along at least 4-5 other experts in the field of orthopedics, medicine, genetics, molecular biology, and bioengineering together to join in the search. These people will become what Napoleon Hill calls a “Mastermind” group. One of the most well known principles in the self-help community is the idea that you are the average of the 5 closest people you hang out with. This means that for me to raise my own level of effort and ability, I must surround myself with people who are already smarter than me and more sophisticated than me in the fields that are most importnat. If I even want to be in that type of group with those people, I will be forced to push myself to not fall behind in knowledge. Plus, having a group of advisors will make the effort and project more likely to be accepted since there is already some social proof that professionals are behind this.

IV. Fourth, we should try to get in contact with medical and research professionals to discuss our thoughts, creations, and confusions. These are the people who probably don’t want to join in this project and become involved or active but are willing to at least give a little bit of their time and opinions. They will be interviewed probably on the podcast and their professional thoughts can help guide us on where we should move in the project in terms of direction.

V. Fifth, I wanted to scour the major databases in the world like PubMed to see what has been the latest studies and research on the subject.

VI. Only then will there be finally have a complete working model or system on how the human growth process works. Once we know the biology and process of human growth at a deep enough level, we should be able to develop ideas and innovations which would be supported by the current available scientific community.

After that, the research and theory part would be over. We can theoretically write up a proposal or grant to get funding from investors and government health organizations to carry out our designed scientific studies and proposed biomedical devices.

The Original Message Sent To Dr. Professor Carl T. Brighton

When I originally found the patent for the idea for a non-invasive device that can possibly increase the rate of longitudinal growth in long bones and limbs using a very simple and easy to understand device, I was very intrigued and I actually took the time to track down the main inventor of the patent who was Carl. T. Brighton. From my research on the man, he is a faculty member at the University of Pennsylvania, a very distinguished orthopedic surgeon, has both a Ph.D and a M.D. (WOW!) and was also the original write for one of the most technical posts on this website, the one about the details of growth plates. Besides that patent, I found out that Dr. Brighton has been the creator of at least another 20 or so patent and I plan to go into detail to review at least another 4-5 patents on inventions he has created over the decades.

I originally send him a email on the 10th of October and I was very happy when he gave me a reply. After I did what he wanted me to do and read through all of the PubMed articles her directed me to, he stopped responding back to any more emails. I am sort of bummed out that he hasn’t been able to respond back but I would guess that a man like him has many, many professional responsibilities so I will try to get in contact with Dr. Brighton some time later in the future after I become more knowledgeable about his research, his past ideas, and his patents, some of which are VERY fascinating.

So far I haven’t received a message back from him yet so I would assume he either never read the message or chose not to respond. that’s okay because I am going to try to reach him again by sending him another email in the coming week and hopefully be able to get him to spend at least 5 minutes of his time to answer some of our question.

Natural Height Growth, naturalheightgrowth@gmail.com to ctb, Oct 10

Hi Professor Brighton,

I was looking through google patents on the subject of epiphyseal plate stimulation and I came across your patent entitled ” Method for non-invasive electrical stimulation of epiphyseal plate growth” located HERE which you wrote with Biolectron Inc. 30 years ago.
My name is Michael and I run the website Natural Height Growth which is a place where my team and I are looking for solutions and ways to increase height for people who have reached physical maturity (as well as still developing adolescent but less so). Your old patent is one of the most interesting discoveries my team has found on the subject. We are currently looking at solutions like Gene therapy using Guanyl Cyclase, stem cells using mesemchymal implants, bone remodeling for lateral synovial joint epiphysis loading, growth plate regeneration using CNS, and a few other options.
Do you have time to answer some of our questions? The first few questions my website and team have is over the research you and your assistances have done over the years.
1. Have you found any ways to regenerate growth plates?
2. Have you shown that the electrical (or ultrasound wave) field can increase the resting zone thickness or growth plates?
3. Which BMP do you think will lead to the great level of chondrogenesis? Our research states that it is BMP-7 since that is what the PubMed articles seems to say.
4. Which growth factors will be the most likely to result in chondrogenesis besides the BMPs, FGFs, and TGF-beta, or IFGs?
5. Have you ever looked into the possibility of using just mechanical loading to deform the long bones to increase in the longitudinal direction?
If you can answer any of these question we would be extremely grateful and happy since our research can progress further. There are dozens of people who are all interested in the same type of information.

Michael 
CTB ctb@mail.med.upenn.edu, to me, Oct 11
Dear Michael,

The best way for me to respond to your questions is to refer you to the article upon which the patent was based entitled “In vivo growth plate
stimulation in various Capacitively Coupled Electrical Fields”, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 1: 42-49, 1983.  After you have read the
article, feel free to e-mail me at any time.

Carl

Natural HeightGrowth naturalheightgrowth@gmail.com, to CTB, Oct 11

I read through also the articles related to the post, especially about the bovine chondrocyte pellet stimulation. I haven’t been able to get to full articles on PubMed for obvious reasons. However I had written up a summary of how the experiment was done already on a Blog post HERE a few days before hand. I’ll send a dozen questions within a few days. Thanks you.

Michael
Natural HeightGrowth naturalheightgrowth@gmail.com, to CTB, Oct 21

The website is becoming more developed. Thank you for taking the time to answer my questions. I am actually on the University of Pennsylvania website learning about more bones using your sources HERE.

My question are these..
1. The theory is that the width of the long bones don’t change since new osteoblasts are being created on the layer of bone right underneath the periosteum. The osteoclasts in the trabecular zone break apart the inorganic material of calcium crystals. Since the rate of osteoblasts and osteoclasts are supposed to be the same, Does that mean that  the bone grows in a radial direction for long bones inward?
2. I know that chondrocytes are supposed to secrete Collagen and Proteoglycan but what is their food source or intake?
3. From my research, it seems like the perichondrium is what seems to keep the blood vessels from getting into the cartilage matrix and ossifying everything too quickly. Is that the accurate theory ?
4. I am getting different studies on PubMed that state either that BMP-7 or BMP-6 is better for chondrogenesis. Which BMP type has the most effective influence on chondrocyte proliferation?
5. I am not sure if you keep up with stories in the media about tanya angus but how does a case like her’s happen? she started to grow again at the age of 18. my guess is that there is so much growth hormone that even the articular cartilage is causing growth. It would explain why people with gigantism complain about joint and knee pain.
6. My coworker says that even the chondrocytes in the resting zone has a limit that they can duplicate and proliferate like the hayflick liimit due to DNA methylation. This would suggest that given enough time, even without estrogen effecting the person, they will stop growing as the chondrocyte conversion from any MSCs that might be in the epiphysis. However there have been at least 3 cases of people without estrogen receptors which still had open growth plates into their 30s and were still growing. can you resolve this weird issue?
7.  I have already seen a few pubmed articles that has shown that entire growth plates can be grown in vitro. Have you guys ever tried implanting fully functioning growth plates into a subject without growth plates.

How Can I Increase My Height And Grow Taller After My Epiphyseal Growth Plates Close And Ossify?

[Note: This post is created for SEO reasons. The content in this article is weak in value but high in terms of google keywords. One of my goals at this point is to expand the website’s reach in the internet space. However, this article was not copied from somewhere but actually of an original creation. You don’t have to read it if you don’t want to.]

How can I increase my height and grow taller after my epiphyseal growth plates close and ossify?

This is often one of the most common questions people who desire to be taller ask themselves, their doctors, and their endocrinologists when they realize that their natural growing period have passed on.

When they were younger and still had the potential to grow, they thought that they would eventually be able to catch up in height to their friends and peers. They wanted the growth spurts to magically in a short time push them higher and higher until their eye-level was above their friends.’ However for them, that never happened. One day they stood by that bathroom or bedroom door scale and their mother checked their height increase over the last 6 months. The result, they didn’t grow!

For many people who are on the shorter side, they might carry around in the back of their mind a sense of insecurity over their height.

They are probably thinking something like…

“I wish I was taller” … and “I want to be taller”

If they found a magic lamp with a genie inside, they probably would wish to be taller for one of the three wishes granted. So what can these people do to fulfill this desire? To be honest, there are very few options and choices for the person who really are intent on carrying out any idea to gain that dream height. However there are some options for the person to consider.

The most common sense advice would be to do some stretching, yoga, and maybe also swimming. The force of gravity is acting on our bones and joints and compress them downwards so it would make sense that the body is really being crushed, but only by the air molecules around the body at around 1 atm or 760 mmHg. In my experience in doing research on the topic on height increase after growth plate closure, I have found that there is a chance of getting some extra height from stretching, sleeping flat, and improving posture as well as doing exercises which don’t load on the body in a downward vertical direction. Most stories involve people who have had bad posture and slouched vertebrate so when they changed their lifestyle, their body posture changed causing a height increase. However ,that type of growth plate is what I call “recovery of hidden height”. The hidden height means that the increase in height was always there. It is just that the person chose to not live the type of lifestyle where their height is optimized. The way the bones in the human body are attached together means that there is a state of bone alignment which leads to the tallest height.

However, that is not the type of height increase most people would want. When people say they wish to be taller, they want a large change something like 4-6 inches. For most people, that is both non-practical and impossible.

One approach is to go the surgery way. When people decide to go the path of surgery to grow taller, what they are doing is lengthening their legs. This surgery is termed distraction osteogenesis, or callus distraction. There is a distraction made on the external bone layer and the bones are slowly pulled further apart each day at slightly less than 1 mm until the increased length is achieve. Currently today there is 3 main types of limb lenghtening surgery. 1 type is the original way which is called the Ilizarov method, where you have a set of metal rings held around the leg while metal spokes of wires are drilled into the leg bone and pulled taut wrapped on the metal rings. This is the way using the circular external fixator method. the 2nd type involve a internal method where a metal long, nail shaped apparatus is placed inside the intermedullary cavity of the the long bone being lengthened.there is still a distaction, but also another hole is drilled to insert this nail. From the way this nail shaped apparatus is designed, it will extend at a fixed lengthening distance each day and the bone will lengthen with it. The 3rd and last general method involves a external device that is inserted into the segments which were distracted apart from each other. The device is slowly widened each day so the bone is also widened. So that is a very quick summary on the three main types of methods you can grow taller using the surgery method.

Besides the surgery method, there has not been found any other technique that will consistently lengthen the bones and make taller the subject. There are many ideas and theories created on how to grow taller. The science says that some futurisitc technology like gene therapy, stem cell research, tissue engineering, nano-technology, steroid stacking, genetic engineering, radiation, and ultrasonic waves can be used at some level to possibly make the bones longer. However, none of these technologies have been completely researched and built to any form of completion and any progress made is minimal.

Beyond the science based ways of growing taller, you have the other ways based on mysticism and pseudoscience. Claims of Acupuncture, acupressure, qigong, yoga, magnet therapy, water therapy, visualizations, hypnosis have all be claimed to increase height. The stories about people who did achieve the improbable are few and their routines were not recorded in deatailed for others after them to follow. With all these ideas and so few of them having consistent results, it may feel like we may never find a way to increase our height easily and non-invasively. And maybe that is the reality.

However if you are really, and I mean REALLY, truly intend on trying to find a method or way to grow taller after you stopped growing, here is the one suggestion that I want to make to you. Follow this website, Natural Height Growth. (at http://www.naturalheightgrowth.com/) It is my own website, created by me in the Summer of 2012. I have have been slowly over time working on the website and continuously trying to make it better and better. I have been slowly putting together this website which includes every other single resource on the internet dealing with the subject of “height” and “height increase” and methodically categorized them, and organized them. There is a forum/message board, a podcast series, a section on all the proposed theories and techniques, a collection of all the books available on the subject, as well as online stores, a guide on scams and internet marketing, and so much more.

I am not kidding and being very serious when I say that I will put real effort in finding a solution. I want you to join me and follow my progress as I go through the months and years to come to see how far we can go in this endeavor. I know there will be a lot of mistakes and dead ends we will reach and make. That is something we can’t avoid because this project is hard, very hard with clear directions on which should be the next step. So far no medical professional has found a real way to noninvasively increase a person’s height after puberty. I have no illusions of grandeaur but can only admit that I am going to combine the elements of hard work, discipline, and persistence to keep on doing the research and keep on gathering any new useful information or resource available.