Increasing Bovine Growth Plate Chondrocyte Proliferation Using Capacitive Coupled Electrical Fields (IMPORTANT)

Me: This post will be my way to combine 4 scientific article all written by Dr. Brighton in trying to see if removed bovine growth plate cartilage chondrocytes can be still be made to proliferate. I wanted to see whether the chondrocytes can possibly be regrown back into cartilage through just cartilage proliferation and possibly adding the right amount and type of growth factor concoction. 

Analysis: In a very recent post I had written I had compared Brighton’s two articles which he in 1983 had shown that capacitative couled elctrical fields applied on epiphyseal plates lead to increased longitudinal growth but later in 1986 another article said that the experiment at 5 V peak to peak didn’t lead to any statistical increases. My conclusion for that post was that it was very strange and I couldn’t resolve why the two experiments reuslts seemed to contradict each other. 

Brighton and his collaborators took these chondrocytes from growth plates found in newborn calf costochondral junctions and put them in a monolayer. The monolayer was subjected to a capacitvely coupled electrical field for 2 days and the additon of compounds like thymidine, proline, and phosphate were also added to see what would be the result on these compounds in terms of uptake. The signals which were done for a long time had little effect but the signals that were done only for a short time had the highest effect. From the 2nd article,…

“It is concluded that short-term exposure of growth plate chondrocytes to an appropriate capacitively coupled field stimulates cAMP production, but longer-term application of the electrical field is ineffective.”

This seems to agree with the old articles. in the 2nd study done, those rabbits had their legs subjected to electrical fields constantly for 6 weeks. In the first study, those rabbits only had their plates subjected for 2-4 days.

From the 1st article…”We conclude that the biologic response of cells in vitro is signal specific, and that the total amount of electrical energy required to stimulate the growth plate chondrocyte to increased proliferation is very small since the total time the 0.25% duty cycle signal was only 3.6 min of a 24-h period.”

From the 3rd article, Brighton concludes that…“articular cartilage chondrocytes grown in pellet form can be stimulated to increase glycosaminoglycan synthesis or to increase cell proliferation by an appropriate capacitively coupled electrical field. The importance of the serum concentration in the medium in evaluation of biosynthesis in vitro is noted.” What is very important to note is that the higher voltage did nothing but the lower voltages had a dramatic affect on the thymidine and sulfate uptake 

From the 4th article, it shows that the researchers had taken bovine chondrocytes from growth plates and made pellets from them. They applied the same type of capacitively coupled electrical field and and showed almost the same results as in article 3. It was noted that anything past 30 minutes of application seemed to have a diminishing effect on proliferation. The cAMP levels increased significantly from the 200-1000 V peak to peak signals. 

Here are the big takeaways from it. If you use the electrical field for too long, it ruins the effects. If you use the field at too high of a voltage, it also ruins the effect. You want to keep any application and use of the signal generator at a short and low intensity level for maximum effect.


From source link HERE

J Orthop Res. 1989;7(5):759-65.

Proliferative and synthetic response of bovine growth plate chondrocytes to various capacitively coupled electrical fields.

Brighton CT, Jensen L, Pollack SR, Tolin BS, Clark CC.

Source

McKay Laboratory of Orthopaedic Surgery Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104.

Abstract

In vitro monolayer cultures of growth plate chondrocytes isolated from newborn calf costochondral junctions were subjected to capacitively coupled electrical fields for 48 h. In part A, the electrical signal was a 60-kHz sine wave applied at different voltages so as to produce electrical fields at the pericellular level of 7, 20, 50, and 126 mV/cm. Incorporations of [3H] thymidine and [35S] sulfate were assayed to determine the effect of the above fields on cells proliferation and matrix synthesis, respectively. Proliferation was increased by 47% in the 20 mV/cm field whereas the same field decreased [35S] sulfate incorporation by 21%. These changes were significant at p less than 0.05 in both instances. In part B, the 20 mV/cm field was applied in a pulsed fashion to produce daily duty cycles of 100, 25, 2, and 0.25%. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine, [35S]sulfate, and [14C]proline per DNA were assayed. Results indicated that the 100, 25, and 0.25% percent duty cycles showed significantly (p less than 0.01-0.05) increased proliferation, whereas the 0.25% signal (5 ms on/495 ms off for 6 h/day) significantly decreased [14C]proline incorporation. We conclude that the biologic response of cells in vitro is signal specific, and that the total amount of electrical energy required to stimulate the growth plate chondrocyte to increased proliferation is very small since the total time the 0.25% duty cycle signal was only 3.6 min of a 24-h period.

PMID: 2760750     [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

From source link 2 HERE
J Orthop Res. 1988;6(4):552-8.

Increased cAMP production after short-term capacitively coupled stimulation in bovine growth plate chondrocytes.

Brighton CT, Townsend PF.

Source

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104.

Abstract

Growth plate chondrocytes from newborn calf costochondral junctions grown in monolayer were subjected to a capacitive AC signal of 500 V peak to peak (P-P) at 60 kHz for 48 h and were analyzed for [3H]thymidine uptake. The stimulated chondrocytes showed a 130% greater uptake over unstimulated controls. Other newborn calf growth plate chondrocytes were stimulated at 500 V P-P at 60 kHz for 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 min and were analyzed for cAMP. Chondrocytes stimulated for 2.5 and 5.0 min showed a 142.8% (p less than 0.05) and 394.5% (p less than 0.01) increase over controls, respectively. The chondrocytes stimulated for 10.0 and 20.0 min showed no significant difference from the controls. It is concluded that short-term exposure of growth plate chondrocytes to an appropriate capacitively coupled field stimulates cAMP production, but longer-term application of the electrical field is ineffective.

PMID:  2837556     [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

From source link HERE
J Orthop Res. 1984;2(1):15-22.

In vitro growth of bovine articular cartilage chondrocytes in various capacitively coupled electrical fields.

Brighton CT, Unger AS, Stambough JL.

Abstract

Isolated articular cartilage chondrocytes from 1- to 3-week-old male Holstein calf knee joints were formed into pellets containing 4 X 10(6) isolated cells and were grown in tissue culture medium (minimum essential medium/NCTC 135) containing either 1 or 10% newborn calf serum (NBCS) in plastic Petri dishes in 5% CO2 and air at 37 degrees C in saturation humidity. On the 4th postisolation day either [35S]sulfate or [3H]thymidine was added to the medium, and the pellets were exposed for 24 h to capacitively coupled electrical fields (10, 100, 250, and 1,000 V peak-to-peak, 60 kHz, sine wave signals). The pellets were then harvested, dialyzed, hydrolyzed, and assayed for DNA, protein, [35S]sulfate incorporation, and [3H]thymidine incorporation. Results indicated that at 250 V peak-to-peak there was a statistically significant increase in [35S]sulfate in 1% NBCS and a statistically significant increase in [3H]thymidine in 10% NBCS. At potentials above or below 250 V no changes were noted. Thus, articular cartilage chondrocytes grown in pellet form can be stimulated to increase glycosaminoglycan synthesis or to increase cell proliferation by an appropriate capacitively coupled electrical field. The importance of the serum concentration in the medium in evaluation of biosynthesis in vitro is noted.

PMID: 6491794      [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

From source link HERE
J Orthop Res. 1988;6(2):265-71.

Capacitively coupled electrical stimulation of bovine growth plate chondrocytes grown in pellet form.

Armstrong PF, Brighton CT, Star AM.

Source

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia.

Abstract

Pellets formed from isolated bovine growth plate chondrocytes were grown in various capacitively coupled electrical fields. The signals chosen were 0, 10, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1,000, and 1,500 V peak-to-peak, 60 kHz. The effect on cell proliferation and matrix production of these different voltages was determined by [3H]thymidine and [35S]sulfate uptake, respectively, Cyclic AMP assays were done to determine if increases in either thymidine or sulfate uptake were associated with changes in cAMP levels. Significantly increased cell proliferation occurred at 500, 750, and 1,000 V peak to peak. The calculated electric fields were 1.5 to 3.0 x 10(-2) V/cm. Proliferation was significantly inhibited at 1,500 V peak-to-peak with a calculated field of 4.5 x 10(-2) V/cm. Little if any change was seen in cAMP levels at 30 or 60 min following application of the appropriate electric signals.

PMID: 2830391       [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

A Quick Study On The Types Of Growth Plate Fractures

This is a very quick study looking at the connection between growth plate fractures, and the bne bridges which can result from the bones healing after wards, which can often lead to limb lengthening issues like angular deformity. There are 5 types of growth plate fractures.

From Scientific Article entitled “Preclinical Studies on Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Growth Plate Cartilage Injury Repair ” by  Rosa Chung,1, 2 Bruce K. Foster,3 and Cory J. Xian1, 2   located  HERE

“The Salter-Harris classification system has been used to distinguish the different types of growth plate injuries and the relationship between the characteristics of the fractures and their prognoses (Figure 1) [1, 8–10]. Current literature indicates that the most common type of growth plate fractures occurring in the distal tibiae of younger children is type II (around 40%), which in most cases has a reasonably good prognosis as the cells responsible for interstitial growth of the growth plate as well as the epiphyseal blood supply remain undisturbed [10–12]. Other types of fractures, types III, IV, and V, however, may/will all result in bony formation at the injured site [13]. It has been estimated that in up to 30% of all children with growth plate-related injuries, undesirable bony repair, and bone bridge at the injury site hinder normal growth of the developing long bone in the affected limb [14, 15], which results in significant orthopaedic problems such as limb length discrepancy and bone angulation deformity [15, 16]. “

 

From About.Com link HERE

Types of Growth Plate Fractures

By Jonathan Cluett, M.D., About.com Guide

Updated October 04, 2010

Growth Plate Fractures:

Growth plate fractures are injuries that occur in growing children and adolescents. These injuries occur in the area of the bone responsible for growth–the growth plate. When this part of the bone is damaged, there is concern about possible problems with future growth of the bone.The prognosis of growth plate fractures depends on several factors, including the type of injury. Orthopedic surgeons classify growth plate fractures according to the Salter-Harris classification system. This classification helps to distinguish different types of fractures and provides prognostic information as well.

Type 1 Growth Plate Fracture:

Type 1 Salter-Harris fractures tend to occur in younger children. These injuries go directly across the growth plate, and the surrounding bone is not involved. Often, x-rays of a child with a type 1 growth plate fracture will appear normal. Healing of type 1 fractures tends to be rapid and complications are rare. Most type 1 growth plate injuries are treated with a cast.

Type 2 Growth Plate Fracture:

A type 2 growth plate fracture starts across the growth plate, but the fracture then continues up through the shaft of the bone (away from the joint). This is the most common type of growth plate fracture, and tends to occur in older children. Often type 2 growth plate fractures must be repositioned under anesthesia, but healing is usually quick and complications are uncommon.

Type 3 Growth Plate Fracture:

A type 3 fracture also starts through the growth plate, but turns and exits through the end of the bone, and into the adjacent joint. These injuries can be concerning because the joint cartilage is disrupted by the fracture. Proper positioning is essential after a type 3 growth plate fracture. These injuries also tend to affect older children.

Type 4 Growth Plate Fracture:

Type 4 growth plate fractures start above the growth plate, cross the growth plate, and exit through the joint cartilage. These injuries can affect the joint cartilage, and may impair normal growth. Proper positioning is also essential with type 4 growth plate fractures, and surgery may be needed to hold the bone fragments in proper position.

Type 5 Growth Plate Fracture:

Type 5 growth plate injuries occur with the growth plate is crushed. Type 5 growth plate fractures carry the most concerning prognosis as bone alignment and length can be affected. These types of fractures may permanently injure the growth plate, requiring later treatment to restore alignment of the limb.

Treatment of Growth Plate Fractures:

Treatment of growth plate fractures depends on several factors including the type of injury, the severity of the injury and the age of the child. Many childhood fractures are well treated with a cast, but all require medical attention and follow-up care to ensure adequate treatment and healing.

Growth Plate Stimulation And Response From Capacitively Coupled Electrical Fields

Me: One of the more recent posts I wrote about HERE was about this patent which was a very unique and novel way to possibly increase longitudinal growth by placing electrical signals next to the epiphyseal plate areas in the legs. I got in contact with the inventor of the patent Dr. Brighton and he directed me to the original PubMed scientific article that was the basis for the patent. In doing so I did some research and also found a very similar type of study which Brighton had also done which showed that just giving electrical signals to the plates didn’t work all the time. Here is my analysis on the two papers and what you should take away from them at this time.

Analysis: The bottom article was published in 1986 while the top article was published in 1983, both for the same scientific journal. It is very clear that the 2nd article was a description of the followup of the experiment performed on the first. In the first one, they found out the 5 volts peak to peak sine wave function at 60 kiloHertz frequency resulted in statistical increase in bone lenthening. The second article says that there was NONE. The major differences between the two experiments is that they used a different way to mark the line of initial growth plate physis and how to track any possible longitudinal lengthening of the growth plate from osssification. In the first they used florescent microscopy and the second used something known as Tantalum marker and roentgenograms (I don’t know what they are). The other major difference is that a battery pack which I would assume is is the electrical energy source . The rabbits in the 2nd experiment has to wear body vests, leg wrappings, and a 9 volt battery (like you find in any grocery store which is not really that heavy) attached to their back. In the end of the 2nd experiment, not only did the rabbits of both the experiemtnal and control not increase in lengthe of limbs, they actually lost body weight compared to normal rabbits. The conclusion that was reached was that it is possible that the body vest and leg wrappings somehow created a hindrance and kept the rabbits from increasing in the limbs like in the first experiment. What is very odd for me is that normal small sized batteris like the 9 volts only give a DC power source, not an AC power source. They wrote in the abstract that a sin wave was given. Sin waves are sinusoidal , so tehy are AC in nature. It is very strange that you can strap only a 9 volt battery to a rabbit’s back and be able to produce a AC sine wave wiithout having also a wave modulator/ generator also attached. That would be a better explanation because that would increase the amount of weight on the rabbit’s back by far more. 

From PubMed article link HERE

J Orthop Res. 1983;1(1):42-9.

In vivo growth plate stimulation in various capacitively coupled electrical fields.

Brighton CT, Pfeffer GB, Pollack SR.

Abstract

The right proximal tibial growth plates of adolescent New Zealand white rabbits were stimulated with various capacitively coupled electrical fields. Capacitor plates attached to plastic jigs placed over the proximal tibiae were connected to function generators which supplied sine wave signals of 60 kHz frequency and various voltages (2.5, 5, 10, and 20 V peak-to-peak). At 0 h and at 48 h, each animal was labeled with intravenously injected oxytetracycline. For the next 48 h, each right proximal tibial growth plate was stimulated with one of the above electrical signals. At the end of the 48 h of stimulation, the animals were sacrificed, and the tibiae were excised; histological sections of the proximal growth plate in each tibia were made, and the distance the labels moved away from the bone-cartilage junction down into the metaphysis was measured under fluorescent microscopy. Results indicate that the rabbit growth plate can be consistently stimulated to statistically significant accelerated growth in a capacitively coupled electrical field. A dose-response effect was noted, with 5 V peak-to-peak exhibiting maximum growth acceleration. Thus, the application of the proper capacitively coupled electrical field significantly stimulated the rabbit growth plate at voltage and current levels that are safe for human use.

PMID: 6679574 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

From PubMed article link HERE

J Orthop Res. 1986;4(4):446-51.

Failure of the rabbit tibial growth plate to respond to the long-term application of a capacitively-coupled electrical field.

Armstrong PF, Brighton CT.

Abstract

A continuous 5-V peak-to-peak, 60 kHz capacitively-coupled sine wave signal was applied to the proximal tibial growth plate in fifteen 9-week-old male New Zealand white rabbits for 6 weeks. A pair of flexible stainless steel “injectrodes” was held in place medially and laterally on the surface of the proximal hindlimb in each rabbit by means of tape wrappings. The electrodes were connected to a 9-V battery-operated power unit carried in a dorsal pouch in a body vest worn by each rabbit. Control animals wore the identical apparatus, only the power unit was inactive. Small Tantalum markers were inserted into the anteromedial aspect of the proximal tibial metaphysis 1 cm distal to the proximal tibial growth plate in all of the animals, control and experimental, 2 weeks prior to the onset of electrical stimulation. The distance between the proximal lateral tibial spine and the Tantalum marker, between the Tantalum marker and the apex of the distal tibial intercondylar notch, and between the proximal tibial spine and the distal notch was measured from roentgenograms made at the time of bone marker insertion, at the time of electrode application to the limb, and at the end of the stimulation period. Results indicate that there was no significant difference in tibial lengths between the stimulated and control groups. There was significantly less total body weight gain in both the experimental and control animals than that which occurred in paired normal animals during the same period of time. This failure to thrive may be responsible for the resultant lack of longitudinal growth stimulation of the capacitive coupling. The observed failure to thrive was thought to be due to encumbrance imposed on the rabbits by the legwraps and the body vest.

PMID:  3783299          [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

Tall People Are Happier, Smarter, Win More, Have Better Lives, And Have Special Statues, Really?

Me: I wanted to put up a long list of random articles I have found all across the internet which all seem to point at the fact that people of above average stature just seem to be either better or have a better quality of life than people who are of below average stature. This is not to say that people taller than you will always be happier and be better than you. We at this website are trying to change that. My motto has always been that with enough innovation and intelligence once day we will find a way to increase even our adult height so that we might even be taller than what nature had destined us to limit us to be. All I did was just type in the two words “tall people” on Google. All of the articles posted below are from just the first page that appeared. 

From the website for Time Business magazine HERE

Why Tall People Are Happier Than Short People

By SEAN GREGORY Wednesday, July 29, 2009

Damn you, tall people. They block your view at the movie theater. They’re a pain to shop for: Who really wants to drag themselves to the Big & Tall to buy Uncle Lurch a pair of extra-long pants? They’re the ones with better chances of becoming pro basketball players, or supermodels.

Squirts probably don’t need any more reasons to envy their longer-limbed neighbors. Unfortunately, a new study just added to the indignity of short people. According to a paper from the National Bureau of Economic Research, both men and women who are above average height — 5 ft. 10 in. for males, 5 ft. 4 in. for females — report higher levels of happiness than smaller people.

In the study, men who call their lives the “worst possible” are nearly an inch shorter than the average man. The women most down in the dumps are half an inch smaller, on average, than the average woman. Taller people say they are more content, and are less likely to report a range of negative emotions like sadness and physical pain. “Happiness is just one more thing that taller people have going for them,” says Angus Deaton, a Princeton economist and co-author of the study, who stands a smug 6 ft. 4 in. (Full disclosure: I, too, am about 6 ft. 4 in., but I will refrain from mocking shrimps in this story.)

Why are tall people happier? According to Deaton’s analysis, the result is linked to education and income. The study found that taller people tend to have more education, and thus higher income levels, than shorter people. It follows that the smarter, richer tall people would be sunnier than their vertically challenged compatriots. “Money buys enjoyment and higher life evaluation,” says Deaton. “It buys off stress, anger, worry and pain. Income is the thing!”

To gain some real-world insight into these stats, I called the first smart short person I could think of, a friend named Milton Lee. Despite what these studies indicate, smart short people do exist. Milt, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, made a killing as a Wall Street trader in the 1990s, but quit finance to chase his dream of becoming a basketball coach. He has trained many NBA players, including this year’s top draft pick, Oklahoma’s Blake Griffin, and even landed an assistant coaching gig for the Los Angeles Clippers’ summer-league team.

Despite giving up an healthy Wall Street income, Lee, who claims he’s 5 ft. 9 in. but admits to being 5 ft. 8 in. when pressed, considers himself content. “I’m not totally buying it,” he says of the study. “I’m below average height, and have above-average happiness.” In his basketball work, Lee spends a lot of time around well-compensated human trees, and doesn’t always see smiling faces. “There are plenty of NBA players who are absolutely miserable,” Lee says. “They want more playing time, they feel underappreciated. Only a dozen or so guys feel that they are truly loved.”

In his Wall Street days, Lee saw plenty of rich, happy short people and wealthy, depressed tall people. He does offer one reason why taller men might be happier. “Whenever I’m out with tall guys, they tend to get more attention from women,” says Lee. “You never hear girls say, ‘Hey, I’m really into short guys.'”

Lee directed me to one of the players he coaches, Coleman Collins, for the smart, tall guy’s perspective. When I told him Lee questioned the findings, Collins, who is 6 ft. 9 in., wasn’t surprised. “Short people are always ready to disagree,” says Collins, who graduated from Virginia Tech when he was 19, after just three years, and played for the school’s basketball team. He points out that he has many short friends. “Generally speaking, I’ve found that they are more likely to have a chip on their shoulder, more likely to have something to prove,” Collins says.

Collins, now 23, supports the study’s results. “I’m generally in a good mood,” he says. “And based on the anecdotal evidence I’ve seen, tall people have a more pleasant disposition and are more easygoing. They don’t have to make an extra effort to command attention. When they walk into a room, it tends to come naturally to them.” Such recognition surely helps your self-esteem. If only it wasn’t too late for you short people to have a growth spurt.

From the website for Psychology Today HERE

A look at the hard truths about human nature.
by Satoshi Kanazawa

Why are taller people more intelligent than shorter people?

Why are taller people more intelligent than shorter people?
Published on January 25, 2009 by Satoshi Kanazawa in The Scientific Fundamentalist
In my previous post, I explain that men on average are slightly but significantly more intelligent than women, not because they are men, but because they are taller.  But why are taller people more intelligent than shorter people?The real answer is we don’t know for sure, but there are two possible explanations.  First, both height and intelligence may be indicators of underlying health.  According to this view, people who are genetically and developmentally healthier simultaneously grow taller and become more intelligent than those who are less healthy, producing the positive correlation between height and intelligence.

This is a plausible theory.  In our paper, however, Reyniers and I produce evidence against it.  In the analysis of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we control for the respondent’s health, by using four indicators of health and producing a latent variable for health using principal component analysis in order to eliminate random measurement error.  The association between height and intelligence does not diminish at all when we control for health.   In fact, once we control for other demographic and social variables, health is not significantly correlated with intelligence at all; it actually has a nonsignificantly negativeassociation with intelligence.  So, at least in our sample, health is unlikely to be the common cause for both height and intelligence.

In our paper, Reyniers and I propose a second possible explanation.  It consists of three separate mechanisms.

1.  Assortative mating of tall men and beautiful women.  Because height is desirable in men and physical attractiveness is desirable in women, there should be assortative mating between tall men and beautiful women (and short men and less beautiful women).  Because both height and physical attractiveness are heritable, this will create an extrinsic (non-causal) correlation among their children between height and physical attractiveness, where tall people (both men and women) are more beautiful than short people.

2.  Assortative mating of intelligent men and beautiful women.  Because intelligent men tend to attain higher status, at least in the evolutionarily novel environment in recent history, and high status is desirable in men, and because physical attractiveness is desirable in women, there should be assortative mating between intelligent (and thus high-status) men and beautiful women.  Because both intelligence and physical attractiveness are heritable, this will create an extrinsic (non-causal) correlation among their children between intelligence and physical attractiveness, where more attractive people are more intelligent than less attractive people.

3.  Extrinsic correlation between height and physical attractiveness (produced by Mechanism 1 above) and extrinsic correlation between intelligence and physical attractiveness (produced by Mechanism 2 above) will create a second-order extrinsic correlation between height and intelligence.

We believe that this may be why taller people are more intelligent than shorter people.  Another factor contributing to the seeming male advantage in intelligence is that taller parents are more likely to have sons than shorter parents.  So, over many generations, more sons will inherit their parents’ genes inclining them to be taller and more intelligent, and more daughters will inherit their parents’ genes inclining them to be shorter and less intelligent.  But, once again, the crucial factor is height, not sex.

In our paper, we present evidence for all of the crucial mechanisms:  Taller people are on average physically more attractive than shorter people; physically more attractive people are on average more intelligent than physically less attractive people; taller people are on average more intelligent than shorter people; and taller parents are more likely to have sons than shorter parents.  But the issue is far from resolved.  While there is no doubt that taller people are indeed more intelligent than shorter people, the question of why this is so is one of the remaining puzzles in evolutionary psychology.

From the website for news for the Men’s Health Magazine HERE

BODY SCIENCE

Why Tall Men Win

by Chris Garcia October 25, 2011, 09:00 am EDT

It’s OK, man—Tom Cruise is short, too, and he’s a millionaire.

Napoleon was right to have a complex: We like our leaders tall. People prefer bosses and political leaders to be physically imposing, which is one reason why tall people push for leadership positions more often than their shorter counterparts, according to a pair of studies in Social Science Quarterly.

The two studies interviewed 467 college students about leadership abilities and asked them to draw an ideal leader next to an average citizen. Sixty-four percent of the students drew the leader as taller than the citizen. The second study quizzed students about their effectiveness as leaders and asked if they would ever seek out a leadership position. As height of the male respondent increased, so did his confidence in his leadership abilities.

“People tend to ally themselves in groups with certain taller individuals,” said study co-author Prof. Gregg R. Murray, professor of political science at Texas Tech University. “The taller individual then tends to dominate the group, which builds the taller person’s confidence further down the road.”

So what does that mean for the rest of us? The key is to mimic the confidence of tall people. Here’s how:

Keep the tone of your voice steady. Murray advises watching a Larry King interview with a famous celebrity or politician. King often manipulated the tone of his voice to match that of his powerful subjects. The key is to keep your tone constant. Lowering it conveys embarrassment and meekness.

Stay on top of your workout. Evolutionary theory suggests that tall people earn our trust because their physical dominance makes us feel protected, Murray says. If you don’t have the natural height advantage, you can still convey the illusion of height by making a simple adjustment to your posture. Follow these tips on how to carry your body.

Don’t underdress. Appearance is everything. One way to gain the benefit of physical dominance is to look like you matter, says Murray. Easier said than done? Get the Men’s Health Color Advantage and gravitate toward the shoes, pants and shirts that will help you naturally exude confidence.

Trust your abilities. “What our study really shows,” Murray says, “is that people who feel qualified are more likely to put themselves out there and take a risk.” It sounds like a no-brainer, but knowing you’re qualified and performing like it are two very different things. Just follow the lead of the World’s Richest and Fittest Guys. They’ll teach you that taking a big risk can lead to huge dividends—regardless of height.

From Malcolm Gladwell’s own blog HERE….

Why do we love tall men?

This excerpt is from the part of “Blink” where I talk about the things that throw off our powers of rapid cognition. I’ve just been talking about a test–called the IAT–which measures your level of “unconscious prejudice.” That’s the kind of prejudice that you have that you aren’t aware of, that affects the kinds of impressions and conclusions that you reach automatically, without thinking.

Or what if the person you are interviewing is tall? On a conscious level, I’m sure that all of us don’t think that we treat tall people any differently from short people. But there’s plenty of evidence to suggest that height–particularly in men–does trigger a certain set of very positive, unconscious associations. I polled about half of the companies on the Fortune 500 list–the largest corporations in the United States–asking each company questions about its CEO. The heads of big companies are, as I’m sure comes as no surprise to anyone, overwhelmingly white men, which undoubtedly reflects some kind of implicit bias. But they are also virtually all tall: In my sample, I found that on average CEOs were just a shade under six feet. Given that the average American male is 5’9″ that means that CEOs, as a group, have about three inches on the rest of their sex. But this statistic actually understates matters. In the U.S. population, about 14.5 percent of all men are six feet or over. Among CEOs of Fortune 500 companies, that number is 58 percent. Even more strikingly, in the general American population, 3.9 percent of adult men are 6’2″ or taller. Among my CEO sample, 30 percent were 6’2″ or taller. The lack of women or minorities among the top executive ranks at least has a plausible explanation. For years, for a number of reasons having to do with discrimination and cultural patterns, there simply weren’t a lot of women and minorities entering the management ranks of American corporations. So today, when boards of directors look for people with the necessary experience to be candidates for top positions, they can argue somewhat plausibly that there aren’t a lot of women and minorities in the executive pipeline. But this is simply not true of short people. It is possible to staff a company entirely with white males, but it is not possible to staff a company without short people: there simply aren’t enough tall people to go around. Yet none of those short people ever seem to make it into the executive suite. Of the tens of millions of American men below 5’6″, a grand total of ten–in my sample–have reached the level of CEO, which says that being short is probably as much, or more, of a handicap to corporate success as being a woman or an African-American. (The grand exception to all of these trends is American Express CEO Kenneth Chenault, who is both on the short side (5’9″) and black. He must be a remarkable man to have overcome two Warren Harding Errors.)

Is this a deliberate prejudice? Of course not. No one ever says, dismissively, of a potential CEO candidate that ‘he’s too short.’ This is quite clearly the kind of unconscious prejudice that the IAT picks up. Most of us, in ways that we are not entirely aware of, automatically associate leadership ability with imposing physical stature. We have a sense, in our minds, of what a leader is supposed to look like, and that stereotype is so powerful that when someone fits it, we simply become blind to other considerations. And this isn’t confined to the corporate suite. Not long ago, researchers went back and analyzed the data from four large research studies, that had followed thousands of people from birth to adulthood, and calculated that when corrected for variables like age and gender and weight, an inch of height is worth $789 a year in salary. That means that a person who is six feet tall, but who is otherwise identical to someone who is five foot five, will make on average $5,525 more per year. As Timothy Judge, one of the authors of the study, points out: “If you take this over the course of a 30-year career and compound it, we’re talking about a tall person enjoying literally hundreds of thousands of dollars of earnings advantage.” Have you ever wondered why so many mediocrities find their way into positions of authority in companies and organizations? It’s because when it comes to even the most important positions, we think that our selection decisions are a good deal more rational than they actually are. We see a tall person, and we swoon.

From CBS NEWS HERE

By      LLOYD DE VRIES /

CBS/ February 11, 2009, 8:06 PM

The Trouble With Tall People

Tall people have a special status in our culture. Often without good reason, they are thought of as leaders — as “standing tall above the rest.” In school, the tallest boys are the first to get dates. Tall girls are told they look great — “like beautiful models.” Short people with big egos are often said to have a “Napoleon Complex,” but nobody ever talks about tall, egotistical people as having a “de Gaulle Complex.” The average height in this country is 5 feet 9 inches for men, and about 5 feet 4 for women. Anybody below that comes up short.

I’m not proud to admit that I haven’t lost a lot of sleep over the fact that a former jockey will probably never be President of the United States. In my entire career, I don’t think I’ve ever been financially discriminated against because of my height. Then again, a comedy writer who is 5-feet-7 is considered on the tall side.

However, my attitude towards heightism changed recently when I read a University of North Carolina study. My consciousness, if not my height, has been raised. It turns out that short people are discriminated against in a way I never knew about — financially.

Statistically speaking, the taller you are, the more money you make. Each inch is worth about $789 more per year. Someone who is six feet tall is expected to earn $5523 more per year than someone who is 5-feet-five. Taken over a 30-year career, the smaller person’s height makes him come up hundreds of thousands of dollars short. Tall people get better job evaluations and quicker raises. So, short people don’t just have to put up with the good stuff always being on the top shelf or tall people sitting in front of them at the movies. A tall person’s earning power is head-and-shoulders above his shorter counterpart. And that is wrong.

Our reverence for height comes from primitive times. Back when we lived in caves, size was a more important survival trait than now. It made evolutionary sense. When a guy was coming at you with a spear, he was probably not going to be impressed by your command of the new tax laws or your ability to tell a really funny joke.

About 50 years ago, something strange happened — Americans stopped growing taller. In World War I, the average American soldier was two inches taller than the average German. Since around 1955, Germans and most people around the world have been growing taller, but we’ve stayed the same.

Is this another evolutionary development? Is America genetically ahead of the rest of the world in realizing that judging people by height is silly in this day and age? Will favoring tall people soon be a thing of the past? Is the height gene being phased out like the appendix or the ability to fricassee a lemur? Is American society finally evolving so that it will soon value things like intelligence, kindness, and sensitivity more than an ability to look good in designer clothes?

Don’t bet on it. Experts believe our failure to continue to grow taller has more to do with diet and exercise than with developing more humanistic attitudes. We’re growing wider, not taller. Meanwhile other countries are catching up to our height because they have been eating well. Maybe this development will have a positive effect. Maybe height will become less and less important to us as we stop towering over the rest of the world.

But I doubt it. I don’t think American pride will allow it. Height worship is too ingrained in our culture. Right now, the average height of men in the Netherlands is six-feet-one-inch. The Dutch are four inches taller than we are. The Dutch! Are our leaders really going to sit still and do nothing as the people of the world keep sprouting up and looking down on us? Can’t you just hear future politicians talking about closing the “height gap?”

There is bound to be some mistrust and suspicion if Americans continue to come up short internationally. Our proud leaders might even accuse other countries of employing the Ultimate Weapon in the Longitudinal War — using extra-high heels or putting lifts in their shoes. That’s right. Unless we get over our height hang-up, a vertically challenged president of the future might very well call for inspection teams to look for “Shoes of Mass Elevation.”

Lloyd Garver has written for many television shows, ranging from “Sesame Street” to “Family Ties” to “Frasier.” He has also read many books, some of them in hardcover.

By Lloyd Garver      Copyright 2009 CBS. All rights reserved.

From BBC News HERE
Page last updated at 10:35 GMT, Thursday, 10 September 2009 11:35 UK

Tall people lead ‘better lives’

Taller people live better lives, according to US researchers.
More than 454,000 adults aged 18 and over were asked by phone for their height and evaluate their lives.

Overall, taller individuals judged their lives more favourably and were more likely to report positive emotions such as enjoyment and happiness.

Reporting to the journal Economics and Human Biology, they conclude that this is because the taller people also had higher incomes and education.

Ladder

The researchers used the Cantril “self-measuring striving scale” which asks you to imagine a ladder with rungs numbered from zero at the bottom to 10 at the top.

The 10th rung represents the “best possible life for you” and the bottom is the “worst possible life for you”.

Participants were asked to report on which rung of the ladder they thought they stood on at the present time.

 

 Surprisingly people who say that their lives are the ‘best possible’ are slightly shorter on average 
Angus Deaton
Princeton University

Men who were above average height 5ft 10in (177.8cm) reported that they were standing higher on the ladder than men who were below average height.

They had an average ladder score of 6.55 compared to the shorter men who scored 6.41.

Women scored higher overall than men on the ladder scale and there was less difference between the taller and shorter women.

Taller women above the average height of 5ft 4in ( 162.6cm) scored 6.64 compared to a score of 6.55 for the shorter women.

But one of the lead researchers, Angus Deaton from Princeton University, said: “Surprisingly people who say that their lives are the ‘best possible’ are slightly shorter on average than those who are a step or two below.

“Perhaps the 8% of people who think their lives cannot be improved are different in other respects.”

Positive emotions

The study also looked at people’s emotions.

Taller men and women were more likely to report enjoyment and happiness, and less likely to report pain and sadness.

 The people who are happiest are not the very tallest- there is a threshold of height tolerance 
Dr Colin Gill
Chartered psychologist

Taller men, although not taller women, also worry less.

But sadness and anger were more likely to be experienced.

The authors say their findings cannot be attributed to different demographics or ethnicity, but are almost entirely explained by the positive association between height and both income and education, both of which are positively linked to better lives.

‘Height matters’

Chartered psychologist Dr Colin Gill said: “There’s no direct correlation between income and happiness – surveys going back years show that.

“But there does appear to be a correlation between height and happiness and height and income.

“If you look at this study, the people who are happiest are not the very tallest.

“There is a threshold of height tolerance – at about 6ft 5in (195.6cm) to 6ft 6in (198.1cm).

“It is about as tall as people think is normal, beyond that you are odd and life becomes very difficult.

“Height does matter, it’s always mattered for a very obvious reason – when you are born you are shorter than the people who look after you and have authority over you.

“And that power relationship never reverses.”

The Tallest Living Modern Couples, The Hallquist, Van Kleef-Bolton, and Yao Ming And His Wife

Me: So I currently have found 3 main contenders for the tallest couples in the modern era who are still alive. I have previously done  a post talking about the tallest couple in history with Anna Haining Bates and Martin Van Buren Bates but not about the tallest living couples today.

So they are…

Contenders #1: Wayne and Laurie Hallquist at 6′ 10.4″ and 6′ 6″ respectively = combined total height of 13 ‘ 4″ or 407. 4 cm. (this would make the couple tallest in the USA)

Contenders #2: Wilco Van Kleef-Bolton is 7ft and his partner Keisha is 6ft 5in = combine total height of 13′ 5″ (this would make the couple tallest in the UK)

Contenders #3: Yao Ming and his wife who have been consistently reported at 7′ 6″ and 6′ 2.5″ = combined total height of 13′ 8.5″ (this would make the couple tallest in China)

Note: What I don’t understand is why Yao has not decided to contact Guinness World Records and not take the title of tallest couple from the other two contenders. His height can easy overwhelm the male height of the other two couples. 

From source link 1 HERE

California couple stand out as world’s tallest

By Alex Dobuzinskis

LOS ANGELES | Thu Nov 18, 2010 6:47pm EST

(Reuters) – Their height made Wayne and Laurie Hallquist seem like an ideal match when they met seven years ago, and on Thursday they were matched with something else — the title of world’s tallest living married couple.

Guinness World Records bestowed that towering distinction to the Hallquists in a ceremony under the marquee at its Hollywood museum. The couple arrived in a white limousine, with Wayne sporting a tuxedo and Laurie in a white wedding dress.

The Hallquists, who live in Stockton, California, measure a combined 13 feet, 4 inches, or 407.4 centimeters, to be exact. He stands 6 feet 10.4 inches, she 6 feet 5.95 inches, the Guinness organization said.

“It’s a whole different perspective up here, and we can find each other quite easily in a crowd,” Laurie told Reuters.

“We can see several people going bald that might not know it at the moment,” joked Wayne, 57, who works as a telephone company wire splicer.

The Hallquists said that when they met at a church singles club in 2003, they could tell that others around them were sizing up a possible love affair because of their height.

“She walked in, everyone looked at her, then they looked at me,” Wayne said.

But while Wayne said it was love at first sight for him, Laurie their first meeting came up short.

“He talked about the size of my hands and feet, which is kind of a no-no,” said Laurie, 46. “And then the second time we had a chance to talk, I figured out he was a really good guy.”

They have been married for seven years, but it took the Hallquists until this year to contact Guinness World Records.

The couple said they were discouraged at first from making a play for world’s tallest couple, because they read online that a man and a woman each standing over 7 feet had married in the 19th century.

Only this year did they realize they could compete in another category: world’s tallest living married couple.

Guinness previously listed a couple in England — Wilco and Keisha van Kleef-Bolton — as the world’s tallest couple at a combined height of 13 feet, 3 inches.

The Hallquists knew they could beat that — by an inch. So they contacted Guinness, and the organization had them measured by a doctor and a notary to make it official.

Laurie, a former college basketball player who now works as a realtor, said she dated shorter men before Wayne, including one “kind of macho” guy who stood 5-foot-7. She described that pairing as “a little awkward” and said that she likes looking up to her husband — at least physically.

If recent history is any indication, the Hallquists may have a limited time to stand out. The van Kleef-Boltons were only named world’s tallest couple last year, before the Hallquists stepped up to challenge them.

“There may be people who are taller than the Hallquists, but unless we go out and can measure them, the Hallquists have the record all to themselves,” said Guinness World Records adjudicator Stuart Claxton.

(Reporting by Alex Dobuzinskis, Editing by Steve Gorman and Peter Bohan)

From source link 2 HERE

Their family’s still growing! World’s tallest married couple welcome huge 9.2lb son to follow in his father’s size 15 footsteps

  • Wilco Van Kleef-Bolton is 7ft and his partner Keisha is 6ft 5in
  • Newborn Jonah measured impressive 56cm – only 2 per cent of neonatals are longer
  • Their other son, Lucas, 6, is already 4ft 5.5in, the height of an 11-year-old
  • Their daughter Eva, 4, is 3ft 7in – the typical height of a five-year-old

By NICK ENOCH

PUBLISHED: 10:22 GMT, 11 July 2012 | UPDATED: 14:04 GMT, 11 July 2012

When your parents are the world’s tallest married couple, there’s a strong chance you too are going to stand out from the crowd. And Keisha and Wilco Van Kleef-Bolton’s latest arrival is no exception.Weighing in at 9.2lb, baby Jonah already seems to be following in his father’s giant size 15 footsteps. Jonah measured an impressive 56cm when he was born, hitting the 98th percentile of baby lengths – meaning only 2 per cent of newborns are this length or longer.

Keisha and Wilco Van Kleef-Bolton – the world’s tallest married couple – with their latest arrival. Weighing in at 9.2lb, baby Jonah already seems to be following in his father’s giant size 15 footsteps

The couple – he’s 7ft and she’s 6ft 5in – also have a son, Lucas, six, who is already 4ft 5.5in, the height of an 11-year-old, and daughter Eva, four, who is 3ft 7in, the typical height of a five-year-old

Jonah, who was born in June, is set to add to the Van Kleef-Boltons’ combined height of 21ft – which is almost four feet taller than an average couple with children the same age.

Keisha and Wilco, from Dagenham, Essex, currently hold a Guinness World Record for being the world’s tallest couple.

Keisha, 32, said: ‘I love being a mum and I love watching my children grow up tall like their parents.

‘We would love to be the world’s tallest family – but we’ve a way to go yet.

Jonah, who was born in June, is set to add to the Van Kleef-Boltons’ combined height of 21ft – which is almost four feet taller than an average couple with children the same age

When the couple married in 2001, they raised the doorframes in their home in Dagenham, Essex to stop them clipping their heads

‘If Jonah is anything like Wilco and Lucas, he will break every height marker for his age.

‘We’re already investing in clothes for three-year-olds and only buying a few outfits for very new babies because our kids grow so fast.

‘Because I’m used to having tall kids, Jonah seems extra tiny at the moment. But at 9lb 2oz, he was a big baby and he’s already gone up to more than 10lb.

‘I’m a very protective mother and being so tall means I can keep an eye on where my kids are at all times.’

Keisha, who wore men’s clothes when she was pregnant because there weren’t any maternity outfits big enough, said the couple would like another child.

Wilco, who has 40-inch legs, stood at 5ft 10in by the time he was just ten

She said: ‘Four is a nice number, but we have enough on our hands for the time being.

‘We’ll have to wait until Lucas and Eva are bigger – which by the looks of things isn’t going to be long.’

Keisha met school security guard Wilco, 31, after putting an ad out through the Tall Persons Club UK looking for a dance partner.

When the couple married in 2001, they raised the doorframes in their home to stop them clipping their heads.

The couple still have a bedroom that is only big enough for a standard double bed, forcing them to sleep with their feet hanging out.

Wilco, who has 40-inch legs, stood at 5ft 10in by the time he was just ten.

His wife said she suffered from jokes at school about her height and had to stop wearing high heels when she was 18 and her shoe size went past an eight.

The couple still have a bedroom that is only big enough for a standard double bed, forcing them to sleep with their feet hanging out

Wilco said: ‘Jonah is a fantastic addition to our family and Lucas and Eva are crazy about him.

‘The biggest problem at the moment is teaching our kids to ride their bikes because being so tall we have to bend over constantly, which is quite painful for our backs.

‘Lucas has already grown out of his school uniform this year so we’ll have to get him trousers for 10-year-olds next.

‘They both go through about three pairs of shoes per year.’

Dutch-born Wilco buys his clothes from specialist websites that normally supply size 15 shoes to American basketball players.

And Keisha struggles to find outlets which supply clothes which cater for her 38in legs – despite being a size 12.

She said: ‘I use normal women’s dresses as shirts because they come up so short. I can never find things I like in my size.

‘Flying on budget airlines with no legroom is a problem too.

‘But there are perks – I never have to use a stepladder to reach the top shelf.’

 

Tallest Female In South Asia And India Siddiqa Parvin Or Urmila Kumari Chaudhari, 8 Feet Tall Or 7 Feet Tall?

Me: This is the fourth in a series I will do on India. This one is a little harder to validate because the person being profiled has a height that is very hard to verify.

On the one hand the article below says that she is claimed to be 8 feet tall. Her mother states in the article that Siddiqa was 7′ 6″ four months ago and that she has since grown more height since then.

From the Tallest Man website, Siddiqa is listed at just 7′ 0″ which seems more reasonable. The Guinness World Records have been contacted to verify Siddiqa’s height to gain her popularity so she can help her family financially. 

What I would note that the girl is Bengali, which is technically in  South Asia but not a part of India. The article says that she is from the South Dinajpur District. 

It is worth noting that althought Svetlana Singh has claimed to be 7′ 2″ she was measured at some point to be only 6′ 8″ which would make her one of the tallest but not the tallest female in India. 

Also if we decide to include the country of Nepal as a part of South Asia then the title of tallest female would actually go to Urmila Kumari Chaudhari who is from Nepal standing at either 7′ 1″ or 7′ 3″. Her profile at the Tallest Man website can be found HERE.

From The Tallest Man

Siddiqa Parvin – over 7 feet 0 inches. (over 213.4 cm)

Siddiqa Parvin (also known as Siddika Parvin) first came into the news when she was hospitalized following a respiratory disorder in July 2012. She stood over 7 feet tall and weighed nearly 120 kg. She was born in 1987.

Siddiqa started growing abnormally at the age of 10. The doctor treating Siddika said a tumour in her pituitary gland has caused higher secretion of hormones resulting in her abnormal growth in height and weight.

From NDTV

Seven-foot tall woman draws crowds in Bengal

Indo-Asian News Service | Updated: July 03, 2012 20:23 IST

Kolkata: Standing at over seven feet and weighing nearly 120 kg, 25-year-old Siddika Parvin from West Bengal’s South Dinajpur district is hogging the limelight, specially after being hospitalised following a respiratory disorder.

After she was admitted to the Balurghat district hospital late on Monday night, people have been thronging the hospital to see the “giant”.

Unable to control the crowds, hospital authorities had to call police to disperse them.

Resident of Srirampur village under Banshihari block in the district which is some 462 km from Kolkata, Siddika’s daily intake of food consists of nearly six kgs of rice, besides a big basket of puffed rice.

At the hospital, Siddika is being served with six bananas, four pounds of bread and two litres of milk as breakfast, two kg of boiled rice along with vegetables and fish for lunch and dinner.

The eldest of three daughters of daily wagers Afasuddin Mandal and Mansura Bibi, Siddika started growing abnormally since the age of 10, before which she was like any other girl going to school and doing regular chores.

Ever since her abnormal growth, she had to skip school as people started making fun of her, making it difficult to continue her studies, says her mother.

Sarthak Sensharma, the doctor treating Siddika, said a tumour in her pituitary gland has caused higher secretion of hormones resulting in her abnormal growth in height and weight which in medical parlance is called “gigantism”.

“Gigantism refers to abnormally high linear growth due to excessive action of insulin-like growth factor while the epiphyseal growth plates are open during childhood,” said Sensharma adding that she needs to go for an immediate surgery as her obesity was leading to other health problems including a respiratory disorder.

Contrary to reports that her daily wager parents were unable to feed her resulting to her hospitalisation, district magistrate Durga Das Goswami as well as Sensharma claimed Siddika was admitted due to health problems caused by her obesity.

“Though she has not been admitted due to starvation or lack of food, but if the administration is approached seeking help for her, we may provide it under any of the food schemes,” Goswami said.

The most remarkable example of a person with gigantism was Robert Wadlow from the USA called the “Alton Giant” who stood 8 feet 11 inches tall and weighed almost 200 kg at the time of his death in 1940.

In India, Sharad Kulkarni stands at over 7 feet 1.5 inches and his wife Sanjot is 6 feet 2.6 inches tall. Their daughters Mruga and Sanya are 6 feet 1 inch and 6 feet 4 inches respectively.

The family’s combined height is a staggering 26 feet. The couple was crowned India’s tallest couple by Limca Book of Records after they married in 1989.

From the website for the Online newspaper The Sunday Indian located HERE

Is Siddiqa the tallest woman in the world?


CS BHATTACHARJEE | Kolkata, July 4, 2012 16:53

Is Siddiqa the tallest woman in the world?Siddiqa Parvin, the 8ft Bengali girl from South Dinajpur district, is the ‘Tallest Indian Women’, available reports suggest so. Records available with Guinness Book of World Records indicate that 25-year-old Siddiqa should be declared as the ‘Living Tallest Woman of the World’. In January 2010, Yao Defen of China recorded an average height of 233.3 cm (7 ft 7 in). Earlier to this, another Chinese woman Zeng Jinlian was declared as the all time ‘Tallest Woman of The World’ with 8ft 1 ¾ inch height. She passed away in 1982.

Siddiqa is currently admitted in Balurghat Hospital for hormone treatment as she is suffering from irregular secretion of the somatotropic hormone from the pituitary gland. The 8 feet tall lady weighs 160 kgs at present. “Siddiqa is still growing,” said her mother Monsura Bibi and adding, “She was 7.6 feet four months ago when her weight was 140 kg. She has gained another 20 kg and grown four inches more.”

Daughter of a daily wage labourer, Siddiqa takes six kg of rice which is really tough for the family, her helpless mother admits. But, her recognition may keep her agony and troubles away, provided they can approach the Guinness Book of World Records authorities. Siddiqa’s continuing growth seems not to be abnormal as the Guinness Book notes about Defen, “There is evidence that suggests Defen may still be growing, as a portion of tumour remains on her pituitary gland, the organ that regulates the production of growth hormone. She is currently too ill to be re-measured.”

While Jinlian was considered as the tallest, Jane Bunford (26 July 1895 – 1 April 1922) was considered as the second tallest woman with 7 feet 11 inch height at the time of her death. According to Guinness Book, Sandy Allen of Indiana State of the United States appeared in the Guinness Book of World Records since 1976 to 2008 when she died, as the tallest woman in the world. She was 7′ 7¼ ” (232 cm).

According to available information about tall Indian women, one Babita is the ‘Tallest’ with her 7 feet height. Earlier to her, Tiliya, an Indian eunuchcoidal giantess of 7 feet 5 inch height was considered as the tallest Indian woman. There is an unconfirmed claim that Tiliya was the tallest woman of the world at her time. But, Tiliya as well as Babita remained enigmas. Though Babita’s photo is available on web, but there is no definite information about her.

Information is also available about one Indian woman, Svetlana Singh with 7 feet 2 inches height. Apart from Svetlana Singh, former basketball player of India Gitika Srivastava, with her 6′ 11″ (211 cm) height was once considered as the tallest. But, Siddiqa surpassed all and is a serious contender for the title of the ‘Guinness Book of World Records’.