In many of my former posts I had talked about the importance of getting a lot of protein for developing children to optimize their growth potential. Since the easiest way to obtain protein for humans is to eat meat, does that automatically mean that eating a vegetarian or vegan diet lead to a shorter height?

The research is inconclusive on this point although there is evidence to lean towards the side that says meat eating leads to slightly higher final height. Most people when asked this question would lean towards the side in believing that people who eat meat are likely to end up taller than their vegetarian counterparts.

However I would like to point out that the largest land animals on earth as well as on earth’s history have all been plant eaters. The male African Elephant has been recorded to be around 10-13 feet at their shoulder length. The giraffe, the tallest land animal today, which grows up to 18-20 feet tall is also a plant eater. Then we look at the horse, an animal we are more likely to see and note that the horse’s shoulder height is usually around the level of the human shoulder, but the neck pushes the overall horse’s height to be much taller than humans.

When we look at the example of the dinosaurs we note that the large meat eaters could grow to be a few dozen tons and be even 25 feet tall. However then we see the herbivores in comparison and see that they can be 60 feet tall and almost 100 tons in weight. It seems that from history and looking at the largest animals on earth, being a plant eater causes the species to end up bigger over long periods of time.

If we look at it this way, from a more evolutionary and ecological perspective, we could say that for animals in general, through multiple generations, the plant eaters can end up being larger than the meat eaters over time. It is well accepted that meat eaters being higher of the food chain would need to eat much more plant eater’s flesh than there was around. If the meat eater got too big, it would need to eat much more and probably would die from not being able to eat enough food in terms of weight to keep it alive. It is not sustainable.

However if we changed the way we view the vegetarian to just humans, and just looked at each individual during their single lifetimes, we can see that it seems the reverse phenomena is occurring.

When we get more proteins in the body, there is a higher level of creation of body building proteins. Proteins is what a huge portion of our bodies are made of. The building block of proteins are known as amino acids which get connected in strands and branches. The amino acids all have a nitrogen element in the center. So it seems that the major building block in animals is the nitrogen element. This element is also important as the needed element to make fertilizer for nutrition for plants. The plants grows bigger from absorbing the fertilizer. The plants we eat have a compound known as cellulose which is something our human bodies can not completely digest.

In many agriculture based civilization through history, there have been droughts and famine and this meant that the grain was more likely to be available than meat. It is also easier to pick vegetables and fruit which doesn’t move than to catch fish, rabbits, or boars which run and swim away when we try to catch them. So for many people in nations like Egypt, Greece, Mesopotamia, China, etc. it would be more likely that poorer people would be fed with bread, corn, rice, potatoes, onions, etc. than pig and fish. There is plenty of studies which show that poorer individuals in a society are usually shorter on average than the people who are more well off. This also means that they were not eating as much meat as they high class since meat has been for so long been considered a luxury item in most ancient agricultural societies.

With the explosion of human population after humans figured out how to settle down in one place instead of being hunters and gathers, the main source of food to feed the expanding population was grains which is made of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are in essence different types of sugars aka saccarides or starches like Glucose, Fructose, Sucrose, which get converted to glycogen, which is the first source of energy in the human body.

In the traditional food pyramid it was suggested that the food group one should get the most portions is the grains and starches like bread, pasta, rices, wheat, etc. but in recent years there is evidence from the Paleo Diet movement that believes that human health, size, and longevity actually dropped from the agricultural revolution. People in the Paleo Diet camp believe that the Neolithic diet from farming created people with smaller bodies than the Paleolithic diet which was focused on gathering berries, leaves, fruits, and hunting down animals for meat.

So from all this introductory discussion, do people who eat a vegetarians or vegan diet lead to shorter height?

Well, one thing that is probably well backed up is the fact that vegetarians tend to be thinner than their meat eating counter-parts. Their BMI is lower. Many articles on the internet seem to agree with this point.

For the individual who is still growing, the need to get enough nutrients is critical. Since humans can’t break down the cellulose in plants in their digestive system, they can’t really extract the nitrogen and amino acids that would form the basic component of plants. The nitrogen would have to come from other sources. Beans and it derivative the tofu has been used by vegetarians to get their source of protein. Other sources include legumes (peanuts), nuts, chickpeas, eggs, fish, etc.

I guess the answer would be that it depends on the type of vegetarian the person becomes. If the individual is the type of vegetarian who accepts the idea of getting milk, eggs, and fish into their diet but avoids the red meats and chicken, then they would not have any decreased final height relative to a lifestyle eating meat.

If the person is a vegan, which is defined as a person who abstains from eating any products that are derived from animals, then they would have to reject milk, and it s derivatives like cheese, butter, etc. and eggs, the unborn young of chickens and other bird like animals. Fish would also not be allowed. To survive and get enough proteins, the vegan compensates by finding the alternative sources of protein like soy based foods, tofu, beans, etc. They do survive from eating the vegan diet but do they get enough protein to be able to reach the same ultimate height as their meat eating counterparts if every other factor is held constant?

There is evidence to show that the process of longitudinal growth in the bones and the human stage of development of growth, but especially during the puberty stage, requires the body to go into massive energy source usage rates. This is noticeable for parents who might have teenage males who seem to stop eating when they son is in middle school or early high school years. It is not surprising for teenage males to be able to eat 3-4 big meals a day when the body requires extra energy and resources to be able to sustain the type of accelerated longtudinal growth during puberty. Where the average height gain in American males is around 1.5-2 inches/year before puberty, during puberty that increase in height gain be as high as 3-4 inches/year.

An analogy is the extra amount of energy needed to turn the element of water in the transition from one phase to another. When water is just in one phase, to increase the temperature of water, extra energy at a linear rate is introduced heating the water. Once the water reaches a certain point (temperature), for it to change from liquid to gas, an extra quantified amount of energy must go in before the liquid changes to gas, while the temperature of the system stays the same.

Similarly, during puberty, the rate of energy and resource consumption by the developing adolescents body requires that extra protein needs to go in to be able to keep the same level of longitudinal growth as a meat eater. Meat in general take longer to break down, and have more fat which is made of fatty acids. Fats are the second source of energy in the human body which is not usually used until the person uses up all of their first source of energy, sugars.

What I would guess at this point, even though there is no conclusive evidence for my personal guess, is that vegetarians who do eat milk, eggs, and fish would not be that much shorter than their meat eating counterparts, and if they are the difference would be small, probably around or less than 1 inch in difference.

As for vegans, due to their multiple restrictions on food types they can eat, it might not be possible for the growing adolescent male vegan to be able to consume the same amount of proteins needed to build the bodies size during the puberty stages. It is more likely that they would become shorter than meat-eaters by maybe 1-2 inches in difference.

Of course we have to remember the old adage about geneticist who talk about height and whether it is more nurture or nature. They state that 60-80% of one’s final height is determined by one’s genetic makeup. Food is a smaller factor towards the growth rate and height of an individual. More likely, the reason most people do end up shorter than other people is from not getting enough of the right nutrients while they are still growing. Stunted growth from malnutrition has always been a very big problem for vegetarians who don’t understand that their choice not be be omnivores means that they have to be more aware of nutrition than meat eaters who eat both plants and animals.

From my own knowledge, there has never been a study where each individual of identical twins were put on a vegetarian and omnivorous diet respectively to test what their final height would be.

Something that I recently been hearing a lot in the media is the harmful effects of people in the USA and other western or Westernized nations eating too much processed, non-organic food which is making them fatter, obese, and less healthy.

Since my focus is looking at how human behavior or lifestyles affect them in terms of their growth in their natural growing years and their overall final height, I wanted to ask the question “Does eating an organic food diet lead to a taller height?”

It should make some logical sense to say that the organic foods that so many people these days talk about should be healthier than the foods that is more processed, and the foods that have chemicals injected in them. Since the food is supposed to be healthier, then shouldn’t it make the person eating it healthier, and that results in better growth rates leading to taller final heights?

From what I have seen at my local Whole Foods store, I would say that it might not be the case. What I have personal noted in terms of just observation and weak anecdotal evidence is that fact that organic foods usually come in smaller sizes and portions than the kind of food found from non-organic sources.

It would seem that the real argument for choosing organic is that they have less pesticide and more nutrients in them. Interestingly, many posts in recent years like from the Huffington Post suggest that the old argument of organic food being healthier, safer, and more nutricious may not be true from studies done by researchers at Stanford. Even NPR have articles that say the same message, that the idea that organic food is healthier and safer may not be true.

The research I have done suggest that everytime a young kid who is still growing suffers some type of illness or infection or inflammation causes the longitudinal increase in the long bones which is responsible for growth to be stunted, even if it is a fraction of a millimeter. While many people have multiple other reasons for why it might be a better idea to go with the organic foods option, I am viewing it from the growth rate point of view.

What might be more important to ask is two basic factors…

• Whether the nutrients inside the organic compared to the non-organic are higher in the involved of chondrocyte differentiation, proliferation, and hypertrophy.

• Whether the organic foods compare to the non-organic foods are more likely to cause the person eating it to develop more illnesses and infections. 

These are what will affect the person’s growth and height.

What I would say is that since organic fruits and vegetables which are grown without exotic chemicals they come out to be smaller so that people who buy the organic foods at higher prices are consuming less foods than people eating the non-organic type.

Since the quantity is larger, in terms of overall nutrient concentration in the vegetables and fruits, the non-organic foods probably makes people become overweight more than the former. There have been multiple studies which show that children who become overweight early in life develop into puberty earlier than their peers and that means faster bone maturity. This results in decreased final height. So does this train of thought mean that the organic food selection will make kids taller since they are becoming less likely to become overweight?

Maybe not since we are not looking adding the overall nutrients amount factor in. There might be more nutrients in organic foods but the food of the non-organic compensates for its low nutrient concentration by being larger so it is likely that the overall nutrients amount of greater than the organic foods.

If we are to view growth rates as a positive correlation function to how much nutrients they can get into their bodies, then it might suggest that non-organic foods are better for higher growth rates.

In the articles I have looked at, most of the nutrition researchers show that the quality of the organic food is actually about the same as non-organic foods so the result is more likely that there will be very little height difference between the people who eat organic and those who eat non-organic.

If I was asked which side is more likely to lead to even a slight increased height advantage, I would say that it is more likely that the people who eat non-organic foods are the ones who will end up taller than the people who eat organic. The best example are the animal meats like beef which get injected with Growth Hormones which make the meat thicker and bigger. When the human ingests the meat, they also consume the growth hormone, which might accelerate the growth process a slight amount.

In general, throughout most of human history, obesity was not a big problem. Growth stunting occurred more from not enough food than too much food. It is actually in terms of large generalization not likely that a slightly overweight person would also be below average in height, although there are quite a few people who fit both descriptions. Overweight people are usually big eaters when they were younger, and the overeating meant they did get high levels of some type of nutrients. Even though they may be overweight, their growth would not be stunted from not getting enough to eat, like so many other people in human history.

The thing to take away from this post is to understand that more than one’s choice on whether they are eating organic or non-organic, it is more likely that one’s genetic makeup will determine much more on how high their growth rate will be.

I had in a recent post “Grow Taller With Steroids And Steroid Derivatives, Part II” had suggested the idea that there is a weak but positive correlation with the usage of steroids and developing stunted growth and shorter final height in males.

It would seem that this subject of believing that premature usage of steroids will lead to shorter final height and stunted growth should be something that must be resolved once and for all.

From what I took from the MedlinePlus website which is linked to the National Library of Medicine and the National Institute of Health…

Anabolic Steroids

(aka Anabolic-androgenic steroids, Performance-enhancing drugs)

Anabolic steroids are man-made substances related to male sex hormones. Medical uses of anabolic steroids include some hormone problems in men, late puberty and muscle loss from some diseases.

Bodybuilders and athletes often use anabolic steroids to build muscles and improve athletic performance. But using them this way is not legal or safe. Abuse of anabolic steroids has been linked with many health problems. They range from unattractive to life threatening and include

• Acne and cysts
• Breast growth and shrinking of testicles in men
• Voice deepening and growth of body hair in women
• Heart problems, including heart attack
• Liver disease, including cancer
• Aggressive behavior

The main thing I wanted to take from the definition of this government sponsored website is that when the general public hears the word “steroids” they are actually thinking of a very specific type of steroids, which are known as anabolic steroids.

I personally had defined the term “steroids” to refer to more than just synthetic male androgens (aka synthetic testosterone) but also included synthetic growth hormones as “steroids”. I am probably wrong in the way I had defined it in the previous post since I had used it to mean two different synthetic compounds used by many people.

It would appear that not only are steroids used to increase muscle mass and definition, but the synthetic growth hormones like genotropin and somatotropin are also used by bodybuilders and professional athletes to gain muscle mass, increase strength, and increase stamina.

It seems that at least one type of synthetic compound which is not defined by the government can be legally defined as not being considered steroids.

So If we do define the term “steroids” in the way the popular general public views it, then we must say that steroids are just manufactured, synthetic male androgens aka testosterone.

If the anabolic steroids then are supposed to function exactly like testosterone, it might be smarter to ask the question, “would the natural increase of testosterone from like eating certain foods like brazil nuts cause the developing male teenager with open growth plates to lead to premature epiphyseal growth plate closure, shorter height, and stunted growth?” Would a 13 year old male who decides to eat food which would lead to increased testosterone into his system cause him to end up shorter?

If we were to go back to the list of negative effects of taking anabolic steroids, I would say that increased testosterone in the developing male’s system would lead to only half of those symptoms.  Anabolic Steroids should not lead to breast growth and shrinking testicles in males since testosterone does not do that, even in high levels.

High levels of testosterone will lead aggressive behavior, hair growth in females, deeper voices, and maybe a higher incidence of prostate cancer in males so steroids would do that, but all the other negative effects of steroids is not based on the evidence.

To answer the original question, the first answer I would give is that it depends on two major factors.

• The specific individual
• The stage of development when the steroids is being taken, ie at what age they start.

Since testosterone does convert to the female androgen estrogen, is too much testosterone is release into the male body very early, it could trigger puberty at an earlier stage, which means that the time and duration for height increase/growth is decreased so the final height is decreased.

Since most males start puberty around the age of 10-12, a male would have to start taking the anabolic steroids at the age of 10-11 to have any real evidence that the steroids can decrease their final height by any noticeable amount.

If the steroids is taken after puberty sets in while the person is still growing, the testosterone might still have an effect, but they result would be minimal. The number of chondrocytes are already decreasing and limited in the resting zone to begin with. An influx of testosterone aromatized into estrogen is more likely to saturate the system since there is only so many estrogen receptors on the growth plate to begin with.

Remember that males in general have less estrogen in their system than females. So in proportion they probably also have less estrogen receptors on their growth plates.

The 2nd major factor is that depending on the individual, like the type who has low levels of estrogen receptors, an increase in testosterone might actually increase their growth rate and their final height. Remember that the androgen estrogen is not only the hormone that closes the growth plate, but is also the hormone that initiates the puberty stage.

During the initial stage of puberty and during puberty, the growth rate of height is increased. If the male takes steroids during the early age, and actually stop around the end stages of puberty, they might be able to increase the already high rate of height increase. The extra testosterone would actually make the growth rate increase.

Plus some males have a low level of testosterone and estrogen receptors. The increase in testosterone results in the chondrocytes being proliferated faster at one stage. Since the number of estrogen receptors is limited and small, there is a constraint held on how fast the chondrocytes are bing used up. This means that the steroids can cause the male to increase his growth rate when he is growing the most while keeping the growth plate senescence at a low rate. This results in them developing a higher final height.

There have been studies which showed that decreased estrogen levels in early stages of male development ie around the early puberty stages means less longitudinal growth rates and less chondrocyte proliferation resulting in less early height.

The main point to understand is that steroids, if we are to define them as synthetic testosterone, might not stunt growth as so many people claim. Depending on the individual, at what stage in their development they take it, at how much estrogen receptors they have, and whether they use the anabolic steroids continuously or not, it could stunt or accelerate growth. However, in general and in most cases, the increased intake of testosterone is more likely to stunt growth than accelerate it. It is in the minority of situations and individuals where increased testosterone would lead to taller height.

In this post, I wanted to go back to look at the case of Robert Wadlow, who is documented as the tallest human in history verified by medical records.

In one of my older posts where I had looked at the unique case of Robert Wadlow entitled ”
Robert Wadlow, How Did He Grow So Tall?” I was not able to really understand the deeper physiological mechanics on why it seemed that he never even reached puberty which would have caused the process which would lead to his growth being eventually stopped.

I recently managed to find a PubMed study which looked at his case in a more scientific perpective entitled “HYPERPITUITARISM BEGINNING IN INFANCY THE ALTON GIANT“

From TheTallestMan.com forum Hyperpituitarism beginning in infancy. The Alton Giant 1932, the ENTIRE ARTICLE can be found on that thread.

From another TheTallestMan.com forum thread, here is Robert Wadlow’s height growth progression chart. I have copy and pasted the numbers below. (source is Robert Wadlow over the years (pictures and growth chart))

Growth chart:

• Birth: Height not recorded.
• Weight of 8.5 lbs. Perfectly normal.
• 6 months old: Height not recorded. Weight of 30 lbs. Very heavy for a kid his age, I’m guessing he was hitting the 2′ mark at the time.
• 1 year old: 45 lbs.
• 5 years old: 5’4″ frame and 105 lbs. Apparently he was already taller than his grandmother by that age. Pics at the time further back him up. Damn.
• 8 years old: 6′ and 169 lbs. Huge!
• 9 years old: 6’2″. About 195 lbs, based on mixed sources.
• 10 years old: This is where it starts getting really scary. He was about 6’5″ at the time, and weighed 210 lbs.
• 12 years old: Neared 7 feet, with a 6’11” frame and a 241 lbs body! Taller than a modern basketball player.
• 14 years old: 7’5″. Tallest Boy Scout ever recorded.
• 16 years old: 7’10”. 374 lbs.
• 18: 8’4″ and over 400 lbs.
• 20: 8’7″ and 488 lbs. Heavy.
• 21: 8’8″ and 492 lbs. A significant drop in weight followed the next year, possibly due to a health deterioration. This was the heaviest point in his life.
• 22.4: 8’11.1″ (2.72m) frame and 439 lbs. His death point. Tallest man ever recorded.

About a 3-5 in. growth rate per year! Mad tall, no wonder.

Pictures give us a more in-depth insight. His later years send a chill up my spine at how tall he is.

To get a bigger version of the study in PDF format, you can click HERE for the link to Scribd.

Analysis & Interpretation:

I think it is time to really see what the medical physicians who tested him say on the cause for his very unique case.

The first thing that is noted is that it seems that pituitary giants not only seem to have excess HGH being release, but that the mechanism might even cause them to delay the growth plate closure. This idea is something that I had in the early part of my research thought was not possible, but a few message from Tyler (of HeightQuest.com) seems to suggest that maybe the physiological phenomena of pituitary release of the somatropin somehow negatively regulates the estrogens from reaching the estrogen receptors contributing to the decrease of the chondrocytes in the resting zone of the growth plate, which is the real cause of growth plate senescence.

I had argued in previous posts like “Tanya Angus Is Proof That Height Increase Is Possible After Epiphyseal Plate Ossification” and “Sultan Kosen Is Proof That Height Increase Is Possible After Growth Plate Ossification” that these acromegalic giants somehow still seemed to be able to add at least 1-2 extra inches even in their late 20s and since most people have their growth plates close in the early 20s, that was clear evidence that somehow the excess HGH in their system was able to allow them to overcome the limitation of now cartilage to hypertrophize. It seems that I might be wrong about those early premature assumptions from the article I have clipped and pasted below.

Even very recently a regular reader of the website/blog named bdbuilder has the same argument for why adult height increase might be possible . How is it that these giants are still able to grow into their late 20s? are their bodies different or the body maturity rate different than normal people?

So what is the analysis on Robert Wadlow? What does the medical study on him reveal about his cause for his abnormal growth which might give us some possible clues?

The first thing is that there is no recorded instances of any body in Wadlow’s family being of extremely large stature. Everyone in his family was average sized. His father might have been slightly taller than the average height of the time, being in the early 1900s, at 5′ 11″ but that is still within normal range of height.

Robert was born of average weight, but his accelerated started almost immediately. By the time he was 9 years old he was already around 6′ 1″ with enough strength to carry his father around. He had bad vision suffering myopia, but glasses corrected for that. He did get headaches but wearing the glasses seemed to stop the headaches. He drank a lot of water which could signify a thyroid problem. There was no sign of him having diabetes.

At the first time he was taken to the doctors for examination at the age of 11 years old, he was already 6 feet 10 inches (2.08 meters). His face features were also noted. The spacing between his eyes were rather large. He showed to sign of mandibular prognathism. The hair on his body did show very little pubic hair, which might mean that he was going through puberty, which is normal for boys around the age of 10-12 which is when puberty usually starts for boys. However his genitalia was rather small in comparison to other 11 year old male adolescents. That means that the previous assumption made by me on the idea that Wadlow never went through puberty which means that he had unlimited height growth potential may be wrong. Maybe Wadlow did have a normal growth curve, and he would have stopped growing if he had lived past the 22 years of life he did have. 

The X-Rays of his skull shows a lot of indications that he had the overdeveloped or tumour pressing on his pituitary gland. The sella turcica was being pushed to a large size. There seems to be evidence that a Rathke pouch still existed in the subject.

When an X-ray was done on his hands, it showed that his hands were very proportional compared to average hands, just everything being bigger. The growth plate cartilage in his hands and the rate of calcification aka the rate of bone maturity seems to be normal for the development.

After 13 months, Robert came back for another examination. His personality became more outgoing, his genitalia showed to be bigger, and the amount of pubic hair around his genitalia seems to have increased. At this age of 13, Robert was measured slightly less than 7 feet 3 inches tall. It is noted that his genitalia might still be smaller than usual, including his testicles. Hair had not really developed to his thighs or other areas between the legs and he didn’t have a beard. This could indicate that his rate of testosterone release into the system may be slower than average.

When he was tested on his heart, lungs, and blood tests, everything came out normal. It seemed that he did have a very low basal metabolic rate, a subnormal temperature, and cold hands and feet. His skin was very delicate with fine hair. The doctors guess that Wadlow most likely suffered from hypothyroidism due to the pituitary gland. The O2 consumption was lower than usual. His extremities, but especially his feet were abnormally large, which is usually a way to diagnose large stature or pituitary gigantism. His shoulder width seems to be proportionally small. From 1 year difference in comparison, his clavicle didn’t seem to increase in length. His sexual development seems to be slightly slow, but not too abnormal. He did show recent sexual consciousness as stated by his father at the age of 13.

The physicians note that wadlow seemed to be big from infancy, and grew at a very steady rate, with no growth spurts or times where growth slowed down dramatically. From my own diagnosis, it seems that Wadlow suffered from three main reasons why he grew so big.

1. He did indeed have an overactive pituitary gland, from a very early age. 
2. His basal metabolic rate is very low with a low body temperature. This means the process of puberty and growth was not accelerated, meaning the senescence of the growth plates was very low.
3. His genitalia is proportionally small suggesting testosterone was not being pumped into his system at even the average rate and then being aromatized and converted into estrogen which would lead to full growth plate closure eventually. 

What is even more fascinating is that idea that the medical examiners say that there have been at least two cases where even lesions on the pineal gland can lead to gigantism. One of the articles seem to be in German and the other study is entitled “Preadolescent gigantism with precocious growth in brothers”

Something that we as researchers have to admit at this point if we are up to date with the amount of research we have already done is that people with growth plates can achieve increased height and being taller much easier than people without their growth plates. Another word to describe the growth plates is the medical term “Physis” and when we are describing anything that is related to the term “physis” we say it is “physeal” or “epiphyseal”.

The 2nd thing the research has almost shown with definite conclusiveness is that distraction will help make the epiphyseal plates increase in thickness faster which translates to the overall human body to make them taller. Distraction, or even wounds in terms of fractures themselves give the bones a chance to either heal or develop pieces of mesenchyme progenitor cells which can lead to the chondrogenic lineage and develop into longitudinal growth.

This post is to see what we have available at this time from studies done to see how effective or feasible is the idea of doing distraction or by applying a tensile load on growth plate cartilage or just the epiphyseal ends of long bones to make them longer, thus make the person taller.

Study #1: Experimental limb lengthening by epiphyseal distraction.

Study #2: Response of the growth plate to distraction close to skeletal maturity. Is fracture necessary?

Study #4: Epiphysiolysis as a method of limb lengthening.

In one of the biggest discoveries ever made on our endeavor, I and many other height increase seekers and researchers before me found a Patent “Method for non-invasive electrical stimulation of epiphyseal plate growth” (US 4467809 A) and the PubMed research article which was written with the patent “In vivo growth plate stimulation in various Capacitively Coupled Electrical Fields“. In this post, we go back to the patent and the PubMed article to see if we can look deeper into the references and the related articles associated with Dr. Brighton’s work to see whether there is more information we might be able to gain from studying the published works.

I wanted to go to 3 related studies he had published back in the 70s & 80s which all sort of involved the same basic idea. You apply a constant electrical current and put it close to cartilage or chondrocytes and see what will happen as a result.

Study #1: In vitro epiphyseal-plate growth in various constant electrical fields.

• Brighton CT, Cronkey JE, Osterman AL.
• J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976 Oct;58(7):971-8.
• PMID: 185224